Study
Study design
Country
Age
Post partum follow up time
Inclusion criteria: Cases Inclusion criteria: Controls
Exclusion criteria
Birthweight Cases/Controls (g), Gestational age Cases/Controls (wks)
Findings *Significant findings
Small for gestational age (SGA) Small for gestational age (SGA) Small for gestational age (SGA) Small for gestational age (SGA) Small for gestational age (SGA) Small for gestational age (SGA) Small for gestational age (SGA) Small for gestational age (SGA) Small for gestational age (SGA) Small for gestational age (SGA)
Hillman et al. 2017
Case Control
UK
Approx.33-38
6 - 9 months
Women who gave birth to infant with a BW <10th customised centile (n=15) Women who gave birth to infant with a BW between the 10th and 95th centile (n=29)
Fetal anomaly, smoking, pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia or gestational hypertension
BW Case:2254 ± 547 Con:3566 ± 350 Cus centiles: Case:1.9 ± 2.3 Con:47.5 ± 26.3 GA Case:268 ± 19.4 Con:285 ± 9.6 Women who had SGA infants vs women who had AGA infants. Results as mean ± SD SBP 105.6 ± 13 vs 109.1 ± 7.9 (p = 0.15) DBP 64.0 ± 7.68 vs 63.9 ± 7.68 (p = 0.15)
Kanagalingam et al. 2009
Case Control
UK
29-48
4 years
Women who gave birth to a first child with a BW below the 5th centile at 36-43 weeks gestation (n=28)
Women who gave birth to a first child with a BW between the 25th and 90th centile (n = 29)
Pre-existing hypertension, DM, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, genetic anomaly Cases and controls were matched for age at index pregnancy, parity, BMI at booking, GA at booking and delivery BW Case:2.47 (2.24-2.62) Con:3.43 (3.35-3.61) Cus centiles: Case:1.0 (0-3) Con: 47 (36-74) GA Case: 40 (39-40) Con: 40 (39.5-40) Women who had SGA infants vs women who had AGA infants. Results as median (interquartile range) SBP (mmHg): 120 (110-130) vs 110 (108-118), p = 0.031* DBP (mmHg): 70 (60-80) vs 70 (60-70), p = 0.16 TC (mmol/l): 4.50 (3.80-4.79) vs 3.84 (3.36-4.52), p = 0.09 HDL (mmol/l): 1.43 (1.18-1.56) vs 1.62 (1.22-1.92), p = 0.12 LDL (mmol/l): 2.35 (1.94-2.97) vs 2.04 (1.67-2.04), p = 0.022* TG (mmol/l): 0.95 (0.67-0.95) vs 0.64 (0.49-0.84), p = 0.028* VLDL(mmol/l): 0.43 (0.30-0.65) vs 0.29 (0.22-0.38), p = 0.03* LDL:HDL, 1.71 (1.24-2.45) vs 1.41 (0.89-1.88), p = 0.01* TC:HDL, 3.06 (2.65-3.89) vs 2.64 (2.10-3.10), p = 0.004* BG (mmol/l): 4.90 (4.55-5.08) vs 4.80 (4.65-5.05), p = 0.82 Insulin (mIUl/l): 6.15 (4.45-9.55) vs 5.60 (3.85-6.90), p = 0.29 The p values are adjusted for age, BMI, smoking status, height, parity, contraceptive use, the Carstairs Deprivation Category score, a measure of social deprivation
King et al. 2013
Cohort
Ireland
27-37
6 weeks
Women who gave birth to an infant with a BW <10th centile (n=23) Subsequently classified as Preeclampsia/ GH = 3 Women who gave birth to an infant with a BW ≥ 10th centile (n = 23) Subsequently classified as Preeclampsia/GH = 2
Pre-existing diabetes mellitus, hypertension, CVD GDM, smoking, significant medical/psychiatric illness
BW Case:2.34 (2.13-2.65) Con:3.6 (3.17-3.85) GA Case:271 (260-278) Con:278 (270-286) Women who had SGA infants vs women who had AGA infants. Results as median (interquartile range) SBP (mmHg): 110 (110-117) vs 110 (105-117), p = 0.772 DBP (mmHg): 72 (65-79) vs 70 (70-75), p = 0.477 TC (mmol/l): 5.5 (34.45-5.85) vs 5.1 (4.5-5.4), p = 0.333 HDL (mmol/l): 1.63 (1.41-1.93) vs 1.76 (1.57-2.02), p = 0.368 LDL (mmol/l): 3.08 (2.24-3.51) vs 2.8 (2.29-3.19), p = 0.231 TG (mmol/l): 0.98 (0.81-1.38) vs 0.78 (0.66-0.91), p = 0.006* BG(mmol/l): 4.4 (4.15-4.65) vs 4.3 (3.95-4.5), p = 0.256
Fraser et al. 2012
Cohort
UK
Approx. 42-52
18 years
Women who gave birth to an infant with a BW <10th centile (n = 262)
Women who gave birth to an infant with a BW between 10th – 90th centile (n = 2630)
N/A
N/A
Women who had SGA infants vs women who had AGA infants. Results as age adjusted mean (SE) for SGA vs AGA groups and mean difference (confidence interval) BMI (kg/m2):29.35 (0.99) vs 29.69 (0.96); -0.17 (-0.59, 0.25) SBP (mmHg): 105.19 (2.42) vs 102.85 (2.34); 1.93 (0.46, 3.41)* DBP (mmHg): 70.50 (1.59) vs 68.50 (1.54); 1.72 (0.75, 2.70)* HDL (mmol/l): 0.82 (0.08) vs 0.79 (0.07); 0.04 (-0.01, 0.09) LDL (mmol/l): 1.32 (0.16) vs 1.35 (0.15); -0.05 (-0.15, 0.05) BG (mmol/l): 4.93 (0.20) vs 5.00 (0.19); -0.06 (-0.17, 0.05) Mean difference (CI) are adjusted for age at measurement, prepregnancy BMI, education, parity, smoking during pregnancy, pregnancy diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm delivery
Low birthweight (LBW) Low birthweight (LBW) Low birthweight (LBW) Low birthweight (LBW) Low birthweight (LBW) Low birthweight (LBW) Low birthweight (LBW) Low birthweight (LBW) Low birthweight (LBW) Low birthweight (LBW)
Catov et al. 2007
Cohort
USA
70-79
Approx. 47-51 years Women who gave birth to first born LBW <2500g (n=56) 18/56 preterm Women who gave birth to first born Normal BW ≥ 2500g (n=390) 12/390 preterm
Hypertension, preeclampsia
N/A
Maternal characteristics according to the delivery of a LBW vs Normal BW infant Results are means adjusted for age, BMI, race SBP (mmHg): 143.1, vs 137.3, p = 0.048* DBP (mmHg): 73.5 vs 72.2, p = 0.359 BMI (kg/m2): 26.7 vs 28.4, p = 0.018* TC (mg/dl): 218.5 vs 220.3, p = 0.618 LDL (mg/dl): 128.1 vs 129.9, p = 0.726 HDL (mg/dl): 61.3 vs 60.2, p = 0.611 TG (mg/dl): 142 vs 126.7, p = 0.071 BG (mg/dl): 99.2 vs 97.9, p = 0.723 Insulin ((IU/ml): 8.10 vs 7.07, p = 0.064 Results were significant after excluding current smokers = 37
Lawlor et al. 2002
Cross sectional survey
UK
68.1 – 69.4
N/A
3265 randomly selected women. Details of pregnancy obtained at interview and blood samples taken for assessment of insulin. Women groups according to BW of first child as 1.56-2.94kg, 2.95-3.26kg, 3.27-3.58kg, 3.59-4.98kg
3265 randomly selected women. Details of pregnancy obtained at interview and blood samples taken for assessment of insulin. Women groups according to BW of first child as 1.56-2.94kg, 2.95-3.26kg, 3.27-3.58kg, 3.59-4.98kg
3265 randomly selected women. Details of pregnancy obtained at interview and blood samples taken for assessment of insulin. Women groups according to BW of first child as 1.56-2.94kg, 2.95-3.26kg, 3.27-3.58kg, 3.59-4.98kg
3265 randomly selected women. Details of pregnancy obtained at interview and blood samples taken for assessment of insulin. Women groups according to BW of first child as 1.56-2.94kg, 2.95-3.26kg, 3.27-3.58kg, 3.59-4.98kg
Results are odds ratio for age adjusted difference per kg offspring BW SBP (mmHg): -1.79 (-3.42 to -0.15), p = 0.03* BMI (kg/m2): 0.74 (0.41 to 1.07), p<0.001* LDL (mmol/l): -0.03 (-0.10-0.05), p = 0.49 HDL (mmpl/l): 0.003 (-0.03 – 0.03), 0.85 TG (mmol/l): -0.01 (-0.04 – 0.02), 0.48
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
Manten et al. 2007
Case Control
The Netherlands
Approx. 27-37
3 – 25 months
Women who gave birth to an infant with BW <5th percentile for the Dutch population and delivery < 34 weeks’ gestation due to fetal distress (n=59) Chronic hypertension = 5
Women who had uncomplicated pregnancies (n=53)
N/A
BW Case: 972 ± 763 Con: 3635 ± 462 GA Case: 210 ± 37 Con: 283 ±10 Women who gave birth to infants with IUGR vs women who had uncomplicated pregnancies. Results are expressed as mean (SD) SBP (mmHg): 124 (11) vs 116 (14) DBP (mmHg): 79 (9) vs 75 (7) BMI (kg/m2): 25 (5) vs 23 (3) TC (mmol/l): 5.3 (0.9) vs 4.7 (0.8)* HDL (mmpl/l): 1.38 (0.40) vs 1.37 (0.34) TG (mmol/l): 1.17 (0.48 -3.77) vs 1.04 (0.44-6.78) *Not significant after excluding women with chronic hypertension, smokers and those with BMI>30
Yinon et al. 2010
Case Control
Canada
Approx. 31-36
6-24 months
Normotensive IUGR Women who gave birth to an infant with BW <5th percentile accompanied by abnormal umbilical artery Doppler (absence or reverse of end diastolic velocity) in the absence of hypertensive disease in pregnancy -n=9 All 9 had severe IUGR and were delivered <34 weeks’ gestation
Women who had uncomplicated pregnancies (n=16)
Current or past hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pregestational renal disease, BMI >30kg/m2, multiple gestation in index pregnancy, smoking, those living with smokers, those using oral contraceptive pill
BW Case: 841 ± 133 Con: 3417 ± 88 GA Case: 29.2 ± 0.9 Con: 39.6 ± 0.3 Women who gave birth to infants with IUGR vs women who had uncomplicated pregnancies. Results are expressed as mean (SEM) BMI (kg/m2): 25.0 ± 1.2 vs 22.1 ± 0.6 TC (mmol/l): 4.4 ± 0.3 vs 4.1 ± 0.1 HDL (mmpl/l): 1.3 ± 0.1 vs 1.5 ± 0.1 LDL (mmol/l): 2.6 ± 0.3 vs 2.3 ± 0.1 TG (mmol/l): 1.2 ± 0.4 vs 0.8 ± 0.1 BG (mmol/l): 4.6 ± 0.1 vs 4.6 ± 0.1 Insulin (pmol/l): 45.3 ± 8.5 vs 23.3 ± 2.4