Small for gestational age (SGA) |
Small for gestational
age (SGA) |
Small for gestational age (SGA) |
Small
for gestational age (SGA) |
Small for gestational age (SGA) |
Small for gestational age (SGA) |
Small for gestational
age (SGA) |
Small for gestational age (SGA) |
Small
for gestational age (SGA) |
Small for gestational age
(SGA) |
Hillman et al. 2017
|
Case Control
|
UK
|
Approx.33-38
|
6 - 9 months
|
Women who gave birth to infant with a BW <10th customised
centile
(n=15)
|
Women who gave birth to infant with a BW between the 10th and 95th
centile
(n=29)
|
Fetal anomaly, smoking, pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia or
gestational hypertension
|
BW
Case:2254 ± 547
Con:3566 ± 350
Cus centiles:
Case:1.9 ± 2.3
Con:47.5 ± 26.3
GA
Case:268 ± 19.4
Con:285 ± 9.6
|
Women who had SGA infants vs women who had AGA infants. Results as mean
± SD
SBP 105.6 ± 13 vs 109.1 ± 7.9 (p = 0.15)
DBP 64.0 ± 7.68 vs 63.9 ± 7.68 (p = 0.15)
|
Kanagalingam et al. 2009
|
Case Control
|
UK
|
29-48
|
4 years
|
Women who gave birth to a first child with a BW below the 5th centile at
36-43 weeks gestation (n=28)
|
Women who gave birth to a first child with a BW between the 25th and
90th centile (n = 29)
|
Pre-existing hypertension, DM, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia,
genetic anomaly
Cases and controls were matched for age at index pregnancy, parity, BMI
at booking, GA at booking and delivery
|
BW
Case:2.47 (2.24-2.62)
Con:3.43 (3.35-3.61)
Cus centiles:
Case:1.0 (0-3)
Con: 47 (36-74)
GA
Case: 40 (39-40)
Con: 40 (39.5-40)
|
Women who had SGA infants vs women who had AGA infants. Results as
median (interquartile range)
SBP (mmHg): 120 (110-130) vs 110 (108-118), p = 0.031*
DBP (mmHg): 70 (60-80) vs 70 (60-70), p = 0.16
TC (mmol/l): 4.50 (3.80-4.79) vs 3.84 (3.36-4.52), p = 0.09
HDL (mmol/l): 1.43 (1.18-1.56) vs 1.62 (1.22-1.92), p = 0.12
LDL (mmol/l): 2.35 (1.94-2.97) vs 2.04 (1.67-2.04), p = 0.022*
TG (mmol/l): 0.95 (0.67-0.95) vs 0.64 (0.49-0.84), p = 0.028*
VLDL(mmol/l): 0.43 (0.30-0.65) vs 0.29 (0.22-0.38), p = 0.03*
LDL:HDL, 1.71 (1.24-2.45) vs 1.41 (0.89-1.88), p = 0.01*
TC:HDL, 3.06 (2.65-3.89) vs 2.64 (2.10-3.10), p = 0.004*
BG (mmol/l): 4.90 (4.55-5.08) vs 4.80 (4.65-5.05), p = 0.82
Insulin (mIUl/l): 6.15 (4.45-9.55) vs 5.60 (3.85-6.90), p = 0.29
The p values are adjusted for age, BMI, smoking status, height, parity,
contraceptive use, the Carstairs Deprivation Category score, a measure
of social deprivation
|
King et al. 2013
|
Cohort
|
Ireland
|
27-37
|
6 weeks
|
Women who gave birth to an infant with a BW <10th centile
(n=23)
Subsequently classified as Preeclampsia/ GH = 3
|
Women who gave birth to an infant with a BW ≥ 10th centile (n = 23)
Subsequently classified as Preeclampsia/GH = 2
|
Pre-existing diabetes mellitus, hypertension, CVD GDM, smoking,
significant medical/psychiatric illness
|
BW
Case:2.34 (2.13-2.65)
Con:3.6 (3.17-3.85)
GA
Case:271 (260-278)
Con:278 (270-286)
|
Women who had SGA infants vs women who had AGA infants. Results as
median (interquartile range)
SBP (mmHg): 110 (110-117) vs 110 (105-117), p = 0.772
DBP (mmHg): 72 (65-79) vs 70 (70-75), p = 0.477
TC (mmol/l): 5.5 (34.45-5.85) vs 5.1 (4.5-5.4), p = 0.333
HDL (mmol/l): 1.63 (1.41-1.93) vs 1.76 (1.57-2.02), p = 0.368
LDL (mmol/l): 3.08 (2.24-3.51) vs 2.8 (2.29-3.19), p = 0.231
TG (mmol/l): 0.98 (0.81-1.38) vs 0.78 (0.66-0.91), p = 0.006*
BG(mmol/l): 4.4 (4.15-4.65) vs 4.3 (3.95-4.5), p = 0.256
|
Fraser et al. 2012
|
Cohort
|
UK
|
Approx.
42-52
|
18 years
|
Women who gave birth to an infant with a BW <10th centile (n =
262)
|
Women who gave birth to an infant with a BW between
10th – 90th centile (n =
2630)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Women who had SGA infants vs women who had AGA infants. Results as age
adjusted mean (SE) for SGA vs AGA groups and mean difference (confidence
interval)
BMI (kg/m2):29.35 (0.99) vs 29.69 (0.96); -0.17
(-0.59, 0.25)
SBP (mmHg): 105.19 (2.42) vs 102.85 (2.34); 1.93 (0.46, 3.41)*
DBP (mmHg): 70.50 (1.59) vs 68.50 (1.54); 1.72 (0.75, 2.70)*
HDL (mmol/l): 0.82 (0.08) vs 0.79 (0.07); 0.04 (-0.01, 0.09)
LDL (mmol/l): 1.32 (0.16) vs 1.35 (0.15); -0.05 (-0.15, 0.05)
BG (mmol/l): 4.93 (0.20) vs 5.00 (0.19); -0.06 (-0.17, 0.05)
Mean difference (CI) are adjusted for age at measurement, prepregnancy
BMI, education, parity, smoking during pregnancy, pregnancy diabetes
mellitus, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm delivery
|
Low birthweight (LBW) |
Low birthweight (LBW) |
Low birthweight (LBW) |
Low birthweight (LBW) |
Low birthweight (LBW) |
Low birthweight (LBW) |
Low birthweight (LBW) |
Low birthweight (LBW) |
Low birthweight (LBW) |
Low birthweight
(LBW) |
Catov et al. 2007
|
Cohort
|
USA
|
70-79
|
Approx.
47-51 years
|
Women who gave birth to first born LBW <2500g (n=56)
18/56 preterm
|
Women who gave birth to first born Normal BW ≥ 2500g (n=390)
12/390 preterm
|
Hypertension, preeclampsia
|
N/A
|
Maternal characteristics according to the delivery of a LBW vs Normal BW
infant
Results are means adjusted for age, BMI, race
SBP (mmHg): 143.1, vs 137.3, p = 0.048*
DBP (mmHg): 73.5 vs 72.2, p = 0.359
BMI (kg/m2): 26.7 vs 28.4, p = 0.018*
TC (mg/dl): 218.5 vs 220.3, p = 0.618
LDL (mg/dl): 128.1 vs 129.9, p = 0.726
HDL (mg/dl): 61.3 vs 60.2, p = 0.611
TG (mg/dl): 142 vs 126.7, p = 0.071
BG (mg/dl): 99.2 vs 97.9, p = 0.723
Insulin ((IU/ml): 8.10 vs 7.07, p = 0.064
Results were significant after excluding current smokers = 37
|
Lawlor et al. 2002
|
Cross sectional survey
|
UK
|
68.1 – 69.4
|
N/A
|
3265 randomly selected women. Details of pregnancy obtained at interview
and blood samples taken for assessment of insulin. Women groups
according to BW of first child as 1.56-2.94kg, 2.95-3.26kg, 3.27-3.58kg,
3.59-4.98kg
|
3265 randomly selected women. Details of pregnancy obtained at interview
and blood samples taken for assessment of insulin. Women groups
according to BW of first child as 1.56-2.94kg, 2.95-3.26kg, 3.27-3.58kg,
3.59-4.98kg
|
3265 randomly selected women. Details of pregnancy obtained at interview
and blood samples taken for assessment of insulin. Women groups
according to BW of first child as 1.56-2.94kg, 2.95-3.26kg, 3.27-3.58kg,
3.59-4.98kg
|
3265 randomly selected women. Details of pregnancy obtained at interview
and blood samples taken for assessment of insulin. Women groups
according to BW of first child as 1.56-2.94kg, 2.95-3.26kg, 3.27-3.58kg,
3.59-4.98kg
|
Results are odds ratio for age adjusted difference per kg offspring BW
SBP (mmHg): -1.79 (-3.42 to -0.15), p = 0.03*
BMI (kg/m2): 0.74 (0.41 to 1.07), p<0.001*
LDL (mmol/l): -0.03 (-0.10-0.05), p = 0.49
HDL (mmpl/l): 0.003 (-0.03 – 0.03), 0.85
TG (mmol/l): -0.01 (-0.04 – 0.02), 0.48
|
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) |
Intrauterine
growth restriction (IUGR) |
Intrauterine growth restriction
(IUGR) |
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) |
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) |
Intrauterine
growth restriction (IUGR) |
Intrauterine growth restriction
(IUGR) |
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) |
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) |
Intrauterine
growth restriction (IUGR) |
Manten et al. 2007
|
Case Control
|
The Netherlands
|
Approx.
27-37
|
3 – 25 months
|
Women who gave birth to an infant with BW <5th percentile for
the Dutch population and delivery < 34 weeks’ gestation due to
fetal distress (n=59)
Chronic hypertension = 5
|
Women who had uncomplicated pregnancies (n=53)
|
N/A
|
BW
Case: 972 ± 763
Con: 3635 ± 462
GA
Case: 210 ± 37
Con: 283 ±10
|
Women who gave birth to infants with IUGR vs women who had uncomplicated
pregnancies. Results are expressed as mean (SD)
SBP (mmHg): 124 (11) vs 116 (14)
DBP (mmHg): 79 (9) vs 75 (7)
BMI (kg/m2): 25 (5) vs 23 (3)
TC (mmol/l): 5.3 (0.9) vs 4.7 (0.8)*
HDL (mmpl/l): 1.38 (0.40) vs 1.37 (0.34)
TG (mmol/l): 1.17 (0.48 -3.77) vs 1.04 (0.44-6.78)
*Not significant after excluding women with chronic hypertension,
smokers and those with BMI>30
|
Yinon et al. 2010
|
Case Control
|
Canada
|
Approx.
31-36
|
6-24 months
|
Normotensive IUGR
Women who gave birth to an infant with BW <5th percentile
accompanied by abnormal umbilical artery Doppler (absence or reverse of
end diastolic velocity) in the absence of hypertensive disease in
pregnancy -n=9
All 9 had severe IUGR and were delivered <34 weeks’
gestation
|
Women who had uncomplicated pregnancies (n=16)
|
Current or past hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pregestational renal
disease, BMI >30kg/m2, multiple gestation in index
pregnancy, smoking, those living with smokers, those using oral
contraceptive pill
|
BW
Case: 841 ± 133
Con: 3417 ± 88
GA
Case: 29.2 ± 0.9
Con: 39.6 ± 0.3
|
Women who gave birth to infants with IUGR vs women who had uncomplicated
pregnancies. Results are expressed as mean (SEM)
BMI (kg/m2): 25.0 ± 1.2 vs 22.1 ± 0.6
TC (mmol/l): 4.4 ± 0.3 vs 4.1 ± 0.1
HDL (mmpl/l): 1.3 ± 0.1 vs 1.5 ± 0.1
LDL (mmol/l): 2.6 ± 0.3 vs 2.3 ± 0.1
TG (mmol/l): 1.2 ± 0.4 vs 0.8 ± 0.1
BG (mmol/l): 4.6 ± 0.1 vs 4.6 ± 0.1
Insulin (pmol/l): 45.3 ± 8.5 vs 23.3 ± 2.4
|