Preparation of samples
For other biomarkers measurement, we made the lysates using the SH-SY5Y cells and mice brains. The cells were collected after treatment and lysed with RIPA buffer (Cell Signaling Technology Inc.) supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Penzberg, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The half of mice brain tissues, especially SNpc tissues, were homogenized using the IKA RW 20 digital homogenizer (IKA, Staufen, Germany) with PRO-PREP (iNtRON Biotechnology Inc., Seongnam, Korea) and then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 30 min at 4.