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Figure Captions
Table 1. Population genetic summary statistics. For each
sampling location, the table shows the number of private alleles,
observed and expected heterozygosity, nucleotide diversity, and the
inbreeding coefficient FIS.
Table 2. Differentiation and movement among sampling locations.
This table shows the percentage of birds assigned to each sampling
location from every origin. Note that these values are directional:
although 12 starlings that were collected in AZ originated in KS, only 2
starlings collected in KS originated in AZ. The black diagonal indicates
the percentage of birds assigned to that collection state according to a
discriminant function analysis of molt-origin presented in Werner et al.
For example, 28% of birds collected in Arizona originated in that
location. FST among locations is presented above the
diagonal, and darker gray colors indicate higher FST.
Figure 1. Population structure. A) Principal components
analysis on 6,287 SNPs, explaining 1.03-1.08% of genetic variation
observed. B) STRUCTURE analyses with K=2 and K=3 (best supported). C)
Significance testing of hierarchical AMOVAs: the histogram shows
expected variance components based on 999 simulations, and the black
diamond is the observed variance component. D) AMOVA results.
Figure 2. Evidence for incipient local adaptation. Redundancy
analyses indicate that 191 SNPs (small gray points) are associated with
bioclimatic predictors (vectors). BIO1: mean annual temperature; BIO7:
temperature annual range; BIO12: annual precipitation; BIO16:
precipitation of wettest quarter.