FIGURE LEGENDS
Figure 1. Temperature exposure of plants. (A) Average monthly
temperature for Ghent (Belgium) between 1982 and 2012 (data retrieved
from en.climate-data.org/europe/belgium/flanders/ghent-6350/t/july-7/).(B) Temperature in Melle (near Ghent) on 6th- 7th May 2020 (data retrieved from
www.meteo.be/nl/weer/waarnemingen/belgie). (C) Hourly recorded
soil temperature data in Redding (California, USA) in the station WBAN
04222 at distinct depths (5, 10, 20, 50, 100 cm) in October 2018 (data
retrieved from www.ncdc.noaa.gov/crn/qcdatasets.html (J. E. Bell et al.,
2013)). The blue, grey, red color indicate average cool, optimum and
warm temperatures for distinct root systems, respectively. (D)Daily recorded mean temperatures by blended stations in Belgium (10-year
moving average) from 1840-2019 (data retrieved from
www.ecad.eu/dailydata/index.php). The temperature difference between the
lowest and highest temperature in A, B and D is indicated in red.
Figure 2. Optimal temperature for crop plants. (A)Optimal temperature range of temperate, subtropical and tropical species
for aboveground and belowground organs. (B) Optimal temperature
ranges in four main developmental phases of crops and two biochemical
processes. Tomato (left) and wheat (right) are shown as a dicot and
monocot crop representative, respectively. The chloroplast and
mitochondrion represent photosynthesis and respiration, respectively.
Figure 3. Growth responses of crops under high temperature.Wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring) shoot length of
14-day-old seedlings grown at indicated temperature. Scale bar: 5 cm.
Figure 4. The effect of warm temperature and heat on various
stages of reproductive development. (A) Warm temperature
affects the floral transition in cereal crops in a photoperiod-dependent
way. Green and yellow means leaf and spikelet primordia on the apical
meristem. SD / LD, short-day / long-day conditions. (B)Interruption of vernalization by warm temperature accelerates
development of winter-habit plants, and leads to additional spikelets
under long-day conditions. Grey bar with six vertical lines in the
middle presents the whole life cycle of barley or wheat plants. Blue bar
represents cold exposure (vernalization). Red color indicates high
temperature interruption. (C) The effects on anther and pistil
development at optimum (left grey part) and warm (right red part)
ambient temperature, respectively. Top shows pollen numbers within a
transverse section of the anther. Middle shows impact on anther
development (filament length and anther dehiscence) and pollen numbers,
and the effect on auxin levels. Bottom shows pistil with elongating
pollen tubes (D) H2A.Z occupancy affects early seed development
in a temperature-dependent way in Brachypodium . (E)Representative example of pre-harvest sprouting in rice. Image
reproduced from Kai Shu, Liu, Xie, and He (2016) with permission.
Figure 5. The effect of warm temperature and heat on
photosynthesis. The left (grey) and right (red) part of the leaf
represent optimum and high temperature conditions, respectively. Dark
and light green thylakoids indicate more or less chlorophyll,
respectively. RuBisCO, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.
TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle.