Zones |
Species |
Stage & process |
Developmental phases & process |
Optimum (°C) |
Ref. |
Temperate |
Wheat |
Vegetative stage |
Emergence to Tillering |
20-25°C |
(Ali Tahir et al., 2015; Chavan et al., 2019; Friend,
1965) |
|
|
|
Root development |
14-18°C |
Reviewed in (Porter & Gawith,
1999) |
|
|
Reproductive stage |
Double ridge to Booting |
17-20°C |
(Dixon et
al., 2019; Draeger et al., 2020; Draeger & Moore, 2017; Porter &
Gawith, 1999) |
|
|
|
Heading to Anthesis |
18-21°C |
(Alghabari et al., 2014; Porter &
Gawith, 1999; Saini et al., 1983, 1984) |
|
|
Grain development stage |
Seed setting |
13-18°C |
(Abdelrahman et
al., 2020; Kino et al., 2020; Koga et al., 2016; Wardlaw,
2002) |
|
|
Biochemical process |
Photosynthesis / Respiration |
25°C/14-15°C |
(Djanaguiraman et al., 2018; Impa et al., 2019; Posch et al.,
2019) |
|
Barley |
Vegetative stage |
Emergence to Tillering |
15-21°C |
(Cannell, 1969; Ford et al., 2016; Garmash, 2005; Hemming et al.,
2012) |
|
|
|
Root development |
15-20°C |
(Mozafar & Oertli, 1992; Sharratt,
1991) |
|
|
Reproductive stage |
Double ridge to Booting |
15-20°C |
(Ejaz &
von Korff, 2017; Ford et al., 2016; Hemming et al., 2012; Oshino et al.,
2007; Oshino et al., 2011) |
|
|
|
Heading to Anthesis |
20°C |
(Ejaz & von Korff, 2017; Sakata et
al., 2000) |
|
|
Grain development stage |
Seed setting |
13-18°C |
(Cochrane et al.,
2000; Howard et al., 2012) |
|
|
Biochemical process |
Photosynthesis / Respiration |
25°C/15°C |
(Jedmowski & Bruggemann, 2015; Oukarroum et al., 2016) |
Subtropical |
Tomato |
Vegetative stage |
Leaves and Stem development |
25-28°C |
(Havko et al., 2020; T. Lu et al., 2017; Tsai et al.,
2019) |
|
|
|
Root development |
22-25°C |
(Gosselin & Trudel, 1984; Kawasaki,
Matsuo, Kanayama, & Kanahama, 2014) |
|
|
Reproductive stage |
Inflorescence formation to flower development |
21-25°C |
(Ayenan et al., 2019; Dielen et al., 2001; Goldberg et al.,
1993; Paupière et al., 2017; Peet et al., 1997; Xu et al.,
2017) |
|
|
|
Flowering |
|
|
|
|
Post-anthesis stage |
Fruit setting |
|
|
|
|
Biochemical process |
Photosynthesis / Respiration |
25-30°C /15°C |
(T. Lu et al., 2017; Wiebbecke et al., 2012) |
Tropical |
Maize |
Vegetative stage |
Emergence to Leaves |
30-32°C |
(Sanchez et al., 2014; Singh et al., 2014) |
|
|
|
Root development |
25-35°C |
(Blacklow, 1972; Grobbelaar,
1963) |
|
|
Reproductive stage |
Tassel & ear initiation to ear silking |
25-28°C |
(Begcy et al., 2019; Sanchez et al., 2014; Suwa et al.,
2010) |
|
|
|
Flowering (ear silking) |
28-33°C |
(Sanchez et al., 2014; Wang,
Tao, et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020) |
|
|
Kernel development stage |
Seed setting |
24-29°C |
(Commuri &
Jones, 2001; Sanchez et al., 2014) |
|
|
Biochemical process |
Photosynthesis / Respiration |
38-40°C/22-26°C |
(Rotundo et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020) |
|
Rice |
Vegetative stage |
Emergence to Tillering |
25-31°C |
(Krishnan
et al., 2011; Yoshida, 1973) |
|
|
|
Root development |
25-28°C |
(Arai-Sanoh, Ishimaru, Ohsumi, &
Kondo, 2010; Sánchez, Rasmussen, & Porter, 2014) |
|
|
Reproductive stage |
Panicle initiation and Booting |
26-30°C |
(Martínez-Eixarch & Ellis, 2015; Sanchez et al., 2014) |
|
|
|
Heading to Flowering |
30-33°C |
(Bheemanahalli et al., 2017;
Jagadish et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2018; Zhang et al.,
2018) |
|
|
Grain development stage |
Seed setting |
27-28°C |
(Nakata et al.,
2017; Xu et al., 2020) |
|
|
Biochemical process |
Photosynthesis / Respiration |
30-35°C /23°C |
(Bahuguna et al., 2017; Weng & Chen, 1987) |
|
Soybean |
Vegetative stage |
Leaves and Stem development |
28-30°C |
(Alsajri et al., 2019; Jumrani & Bhatia, 2018; Lyu et al.,
2020) |
|
|
|
Root development |
25°C |
(Janas, Cvikrová, Pałągiewicz, & Eder,
2000) |
|
|
Reproductive stage |
Flower initiation to Anthesis |
26-30°C |
(Djanaguiraman et al., 2011; Thomas & Raper, 1978; Wiebbecke et al.,
2012) |
|
|
Post-anthesis stage |
Pod formation to Seed setting |
22-30°C |
(Jumrani & Bhatia, 2018; Siebers et al., 2015; Wei et al.,
2020) |
|
|
Biochemical process |
Photosynthesis / Respiration |
28-35
°C/18-22°C |
(Alsajri et al., 2019; Djanaguiraman et al.,
2011) |