Table 1 | Optimal temperatures for indicated developmental stages and biochemical processes. The phases for monocot (wheat, barley and rice) are mainly for the main shoot. As the early reproductive stage in the main shoot happens, tillers are starting to generate. Table 1 | Optimal temperatures for indicated developmental stages and biochemical processes. The phases for monocot (wheat, barley and rice) are mainly for the main shoot. As the early reproductive stage in the main shoot happens, tillers are starting to generate. Table 1 | Optimal temperatures for indicated developmental stages and biochemical processes. The phases for monocot (wheat, barley and rice) are mainly for the main shoot. As the early reproductive stage in the main shoot happens, tillers are starting to generate. Table 1 | Optimal temperatures for indicated developmental stages and biochemical processes. The phases for monocot (wheat, barley and rice) are mainly for the main shoot. As the early reproductive stage in the main shoot happens, tillers are starting to generate. Table 1 | Optimal temperatures for indicated developmental stages and biochemical processes. The phases for monocot (wheat, barley and rice) are mainly for the main shoot. As the early reproductive stage in the main shoot happens, tillers are starting to generate. Table 1 | Optimal temperatures for indicated developmental stages and biochemical processes. The phases for monocot (wheat, barley and rice) are mainly for the main shoot. As the early reproductive stage in the main shoot happens, tillers are starting to generate.
Zones Species Stage & process Developmental phases & process Optimum (°C) Ref.
Temperate Wheat Vegetative stage Emergence to Tillering 20-25°C (Ali Tahir et al., 2015; Chavan et al., 2019; Friend, 1965)
Root development 14-18°C Reviewed in (Porter & Gawith, 1999)
Reproductive stage Double ridge to Booting 17-20°C (Dixon et al., 2019; Draeger et al., 2020; Draeger & Moore, 2017; Porter & Gawith, 1999)
Heading to Anthesis 18-21°C (Alghabari et al., 2014; Porter & Gawith, 1999; Saini et al., 1983, 1984)
Grain development stage Seed setting 13-18°C (Abdelrahman et al., 2020; Kino et al., 2020; Koga et al., 2016; Wardlaw, 2002)
Biochemical process Photosynthesis / Respiration 25°C/14-15°C (Djanaguiraman et al., 2018; Impa et al., 2019; Posch et al., 2019)
Barley Vegetative stage Emergence to Tillering 15-21°C (Cannell, 1969; Ford et al., 2016; Garmash, 2005; Hemming et al., 2012)
Root development 15-20°C (Mozafar & Oertli, 1992; Sharratt, 1991)
Reproductive stage Double ridge to Booting 15-20°C (Ejaz & von Korff, 2017; Ford et al., 2016; Hemming et al., 2012; Oshino et al., 2007; Oshino et al., 2011)
Heading to Anthesis 20°C (Ejaz & von Korff, 2017; Sakata et al., 2000)
Grain development stage Seed setting 13-18°C (Cochrane et al., 2000; Howard et al., 2012)
Biochemical process Photosynthesis / Respiration 25°C/15°C (Jedmowski & Bruggemann, 2015; Oukarroum et al., 2016)
Subtropical Tomato Vegetative stage Leaves and Stem development 25-28°C (Havko et al., 2020; T. Lu et al., 2017; Tsai et al., 2019)
Root development 22-25°C (Gosselin & Trudel, 1984; Kawasaki, Matsuo, Kanayama, & Kanahama, 2014)
Reproductive stage Inflorescence formation to flower development 21-25°C (Ayenan et al., 2019; Dielen et al., 2001; Goldberg et al., 1993; Paupière et al., 2017; Peet et al., 1997; Xu et al., 2017)
Flowering
Post-anthesis stage Fruit setting
Biochemical process Photosynthesis / Respiration 25-30°C /15°C (T. Lu et al., 2017; Wiebbecke et al., 2012)
Tropical Maize Vegetative stage Emergence to Leaves 30-32°C (Sanchez et al., 2014; Singh et al., 2014)
Root development 25-35°C (Blacklow, 1972; Grobbelaar, 1963)
Reproductive stage Tassel & ear initiation to ear silking 25-28°C (Begcy et al., 2019; Sanchez et al., 2014; Suwa et al., 2010)
Flowering (ear silking) 28-33°C (Sanchez et al., 2014; Wang, Tao, et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020)
Kernel development stage Seed setting 24-29°C (Commuri & Jones, 2001; Sanchez et al., 2014)
Biochemical process Photosynthesis / Respiration 38-40°C/22-26°C (Rotundo et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020)
Rice Vegetative stage Emergence to Tillering 25-31°C (Krishnan et al., 2011; Yoshida, 1973)
Root development 25-28°C (Arai-Sanoh, Ishimaru, Ohsumi, & Kondo, 2010; Sánchez, Rasmussen, & Porter, 2014)
Reproductive stage Panicle initiation and Booting 26-30°C (Martínez-Eixarch & Ellis, 2015; Sanchez et al., 2014)
Heading to Flowering 30-33°C (Bheemanahalli et al., 2017; Jagadish et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018)
Grain development stage Seed setting 27-28°C (Nakata et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2020)
Biochemical process Photosynthesis / Respiration 30-35°C /23°C (Bahuguna et al., 2017; Weng & Chen, 1987)
Soybean Vegetative stage Leaves and Stem development 28-30°C (Alsajri et al., 2019; Jumrani & Bhatia, 2018; Lyu et al., 2020)
Root development 25°C (Janas, Cvikrová, Pałągiewicz, & Eder, 2000)
Reproductive stage Flower initiation to Anthesis 26-30°C (Djanaguiraman et al., 2011; Thomas & Raper, 1978; Wiebbecke et al., 2012)
Post-anthesis stage Pod formation to Seed setting 22-30°C (Jumrani & Bhatia, 2018; Siebers et al., 2015; Wei et al., 2020)
Biochemical process Photosynthesis / Respiration 28-35 °C/18-22°C (Alsajri et al., 2019; Djanaguiraman et al., 2011)