List of interventions Frequency of use (n, %) Frequency of use (n, %) Frequency of use (n, %) Frequency of use (n, %)
Frequently Occasionally Never Unknown
Not recommended Intervention14–17,31,32 Not recommended Intervention14–17,31,32 Not recommended Intervention14–17,31,32 Not recommended Intervention14–17,31,32 Not recommended Intervention14–17,31,32
Short wave diathermy 22 (5.2) 254 (60.0) 147 (34.8)
Ultrasound therapy 70 (16.5) 269 (63.6) 84 (19.9)
Infrared radiation 65 (15.4) 305 (72.1) 53 (12.5)
Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation 98 (23.2) 289 (68.3) 36 (8.5)
Mechanical traction 25 (5.9) 352 (83.2) 46 (10.3)
Paracetamol 12 (2.8) 298 (70.4) 113 (26.7)
Bed rest 107 (25.3) 284 (67.1) 32 (7.6)
Partially recommended intervention33,42–44 Partially recommended intervention33,42–44 Partially recommended intervention33,42–44 Partially recommended intervention33,42–44 Partially recommended intervention33,42–44
Exercise therapy 391 (92.4) 30 (7.1) 2 (0.5)
Spinal manipulation 88 (20.8) 305 (72.1) 30 (7.1)
Massage 62 (14.7) 236 (55.8) 125 (29.6)
Acupuncture 8 (1.9) 132 (31.2) 283 (66.9)
Yoga 18 (4.3) 132 (31.2) 273 (64.5)
Superficial heat 144 (34.0) 253 (59.8) 26 (6.1)
Postural education 383 (90.5) 36 (8.5) 4 (0.9)
Back belt 37 (8.7) 354 (83.7) 32 (7.6)
Recommended intervention14–16,33 Recommended intervention14–16,33 Recommended intervention14–16,33 Recommended intervention14–16,33 Recommended intervention14–16,33
Cognitive behavioral therapy 47 (11.1) 192 (45.4) 71 (16.8) 113 (26.7)
Mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy 30 (7.1) 174 (41.1) 60 (14.2) 159 (37.6)
Interdisciplinary rehabilitation 78 (18.4) 203 (48.0) 44 (10.4) 98 (23.2)