SARS-COVID2
Structurally described in the page 4 the new coronavirus appears to be
less deadly than SARS, which killed around 10 percent of people who
became infected. The SARS outbreak was contained within about six
months, while the COVID-19 outbreak is only a few months old at this
point. Approximately 35 percent of reported patients with MERS died, but
there were significantly fewer cases than either SARS or COVID-19 during
that outbreak.
The new coronavirus is structurally similar to SARS, with the 96.2%
genetically identity to CoVRaTG13 of a bat, but it shares 79.5%
genetically identity to SARS-CoV(Hamming, Timens et al. 2004).
Genetically analyses reveals that the (zoonotic) animals like bat is the
origin host for the virus, and finally transmitted to humans via various
unknown hosts. The virus can recognize and enter the epithelial cells of
the alveoli through angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) as a receptor
of the cells in the lungs and receptors on the columnar epithelial of
intestinal absorptive cells. (Zhang, Du et al. 2020). Genetic analyses
have also shown that the coronavirus has not undergone many significant
changes since it first emerged in Wuhan. As viruses pass from person to
person and spread into new geographical locations, it’s not uncommon for
them to mutate to avoid dying out. COVID-19 belongs to genera
Betacoronavirus.Human Betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV- 2, SARS-CoV, and
MERS-CoV). but also they have significant differences in both level of
genetic and phenotypic structure that can influence the ways of the
infection ability. COVID-19 is containing positive single stranded RNA
attached with a nucleoprotein within a capsid composed of matrix
protein. The genome of a typical CoV contains at least six ORFs. The
process of translation in the sgRNAs of CoVs translate structural and
accessory proteins. Four main structural proteins are encoded by ORFs
10, 11 on the one-third of the genome near the 30-terminus.
The genetic and phenotypic structure of COVID-19 in pathogenesis is
important. This article highlights the most important of these features
compared to other Betacoronaviruses.
( Copyright ª 2020, Taiwan Society of Microbiology). Published by
Elsevier Taiwan LLC. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license.
Despite that the COVID-19 continuously increasing in number of infection
cases in nearly whole of the world but still COVID-19 has more
significant differences like moderate transmissibility and relatively
low pathogenicity with other infectious disease such as Ebola, avian
H7N9 (or bird flu virus) , Severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1) , or (the Middle East respiratory
syndromes) MERS-CoV, respectively SARS and MERS have significantly
higher case fatality rates than COVID-19. Yet COVID-19 is more
infectious — the underlying SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads more easily among
people.
Despite the lower case fatality rate, the
overall number of deaths from COVID-19 far outweighs that from SARS or
MERS.
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to
moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special
treatment. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems
like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and
cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. The best way to
prevent and slow down transmission is be well informed about the
COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how it spreads. Protect
yourself and others from infection by washing your hands or using an
alcohol based rub frequently and not touching your face (WHO).
ABO blood group, Second disease and COVID-19 Relationship
We are going to reveal that which person is more susceptibility to be
infected with the virus some factors such as ABO blood group and second
diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases
have bad role and put the patient at high risk, among ABO blood groups,
O is more abundant in Gulf Countries; researchers found that individuals
with blood group O has protective effect and has more ability to
resistant from SARS and COVID-19 but according to, the blood group A may
has more susceptibility to be infected with the virus(Zhao, Yang et al.
2020). blood group A at higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to
group O (Gérard, Maggipinto et al. 2020). The differences between
antigens that injected into the plasma membrane of the cells and other
epithelial cells have significant clinical importance. That differences
between antigens of ABO blood groups make them differentially associated
with several serious diseases(Cooling 2015). However, diseases like
cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and IL-6, and IL-10, IL-18, make the
infection with recent pandemic SARSCoV-2 become dangerous (Muniyappa and
Gubbi 2020).
- In a recent study, researchers concluded that people with type A blood
have a higher risk of contracting the novel coronavirus that causes
COVID-19(Abdollahi, Mahmoudi-Aliabadi et al. 2020).
- In March, a study from China concluded that people with type A blood
may have a higher risk of contracting the new coronavirus than people
with type O(AL-Khikani 2020).
- The experts add that past research has shown some connection between
blood type and illnesses such as the stomach flu, as well as the risk
of stroke and cognitive impairment(Garrison, Havlik et al. 1976).
VACCINE Seventeen years after the severe acute respiratory
syndrome (Sars) outbreak and seven years since the first Middle East
respiratory syndrome (Mers) case, there is still no coronavirus vaccine
despite dozens of attempts to develop them. Despite that many of the
vaccines being developed for SARS-CoV-2 are quite different, and many
use only small portions of the virus, or
the virus
RNA. This may circumvent the problems with SARS-CoV-1 vaccines that
used more of the virus. Vaccine development has a large experimental
component; we just have to make educated guesses and try different
things and see what works. Hence, many different avenues for vaccines
are being tested by different labs around the world. As the numbers of
infections and deaths from COVID-19 continue to rise, researchers are
working to identify suitable treatments and vaccines to curb the
pandemic.