Notes: (A) Optimal parameter (lambda) selection in the LASSO model used fivefold cross-validation via minimum criteria. The partial likelihood deviance (binomial deviance) curve was plotted versus log(lambda). Dotted vertical lines were drawn at the optimal values by using the minimum criteria and the 1 SE of the minimum criteria (the 1-SE criteria).

(B) LASSO coefficient profiles of the 22 features. A coefficient profile plot was produced against the log(lambda) sequence. Vertical line was drawn at the value selected using fivefold cross-validation, where optimal lambda resulted in five features with nonzero coefficients.

Abbreviations: LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; SE, standard error.

Figure 2 Developed tophi formation risk prediction nomogram