Case report
In spring 2015, the - at the time - 7-year-old boy was admitted to the
hospital for the first time because of respiratory insufficiency. He was
receiving oxygen as primary treatment. Even then after his first
admission to the hospital the spirometry showed an obstructive and a
restrictive pattern (vital capacity (VC): 61.3%, forced expiratory
volume in one second (FEV1): 75.4%, FEV1/VC ratio: 100%).
Consequently, based on the results, an inhalation with corticosteroid
(ICS)/long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) combination was
chosen to start the therapy. An early bloomer allergy also was found,
which caused a rhino conjunctivitis during pollen season. A
bronchiolitis obliterans, which was diagnosed by a CT scan (see Fig.1)
is mostly caused by a mycoplasma infection. Unfortunately, there was no
improvement shown after the treatment with azithromycin and
methylprednisolone. Since there was no positive effect on the pulmonary
situation after starting a treatment with Leukotriene Receptor
Antagonists (LTRAs), a treatment with formoterol was initiated.
Bronchoscopy in March 2019 showed a chronic purulent bronchitis, but no
pathogen was detected.
Last January, the boy was admitted to the hospital to control the
success of the therapy because inpatient treatment possibilities were
exhausted. Formoterol was ended and an inhalative therapy with
tiotropium bromide was started.
During the COVID-19 pandemic on April 15th the 12-year-old boy presented
himself in our paediatric pneumological consultation with still
uncontrolled asthma bronchial (GINA severity IV), bronchiolitis
obliterans and currently mild allergic rhino conjunctivitis. The obese
boy (weight 69.3kg, height 161.1cm) reported that he coughed dry daily
both during the day and at night. During physical exertion, the cough
increased. The current medication Salmeterol/Fluticason 25µg/250µg 1-0-1
stroke, LTRA 5mg, tiotropium bromide 5µg was taken daily. He had not had
to inhale salbutamol since the last performance in our consultation in
February. A slight wheezing was found in the upper lobes of the lungs.
Blood results showed a lymphocytosis (65%) and neutropenia (23%) and a
normal blood count of leukocytes (4.3/nl), there was also found a
microcytic hypochromic anaemia (Hb 11.3g/dl, Hct 0.35l/l, MCV 78fl, MCH,
25pg, MCHC 32g/dl). The spirometry showed an obstructive and restrictive
ventilation disorder (see Fig. 2, (VC): 48%, (FVC): 58%, (FEV1): 54%,
FEV1/VC: 77.85%, (PEF):66%, FEF 25: 69%, FEF 50 43%, FEF 75 27%).
The bronchodilation test was negative (see Fig. 3).
The following day, the mother of our patient developed fever as well as
head and limb pain. Since the mother had been in contact with a COVID-19
patient as a nurse in a nursing home, she was also tested positive for
coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 on April 17th 2020. The same day, the 12-year-old
boy complained of limb pain. The COVID-19 PCR swab test was also found
positive in him, his father and his sister who all live in the same
household. During the quarantine period (14 days) and beyond, there were
no further symptoms in the boy, he did not cough more than before, had
no dyspnoea or fever and no need to use his asthma spray salbutamol.
After 24 days, the COVID-19 smear of our patient finally was negative.
Spirometry still showed an obstructive and restrictive pattern, but some
better values: (VC): 63%, (FEV): 64%, (FEV1): 60%, (FEV1/VC):
77.66%, Peak-Flow (PEF): 57%, FEF 25: 64%, FEF 50 48%, FEF 75 32%).