Data extraction
Information including the name of authors, publication year, the population of the study, characteristics of the subjects (rat species, gender, age, and health condition), intervention period, drop-out rates, study designs, types of oils used for feeding, duration and temperature of thermally heated oil, physical and biochemical changes including weight gain, BMI (kg/m2), adipose tissue, LDL cholesterol, the thickness of artery wall, liver TBARS, MDA, GSH/GSSG, and HOMA-IR, along with corresponding SE, SD, and 95% CI values were extracted.