●      Direct contrast removal from general circulation
Contrast removal during CA has been reported to be correlated with decreased CIN occurrence. This contrast removal can be done by direct aspiration from general circulation through different methods including hemodialysis or continuous veno-veno hemofiltration with conflicting results (80). Moreover, the contrast agent would be still in the circulation and might damage the renal tissue.
A summary of potential methods to decrease CIN risk is shown in Figure 1.