References
- Guideline: Daily iron supplementation in infants and children. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2016.
- Essential Nutrition Actions: Improving maternal, newborn, infant and
young child health and nutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization;
2013.
- Department of Health: Ministry of Public Health of Thailand.
Guidelines for controlling and preventing anemia from iron deficiency.
Available at: URL:http://hpc.go.th/director/data/mch/IDAControl.pdf.
Accessed Mar 27, 2019.
- Lukowski AF, Koss M, Burden MJ, Jonides J, Nelson CA, Kaciroti N,et
al. Iron deficiency in infancy and neurocognitive functioning at 19
years: evidence of long-term deficits in executive function and
recognition memory. Nutritional Neuroscience 2010;13:54-70.
- Porter J, Viprakasit V. Iron overload and chelation. In: Cappellini
MD, Cohen A, Porter J, Taher A, Viprakasit V, eds. Guidelines for the
management of transfusion dependent thalassaemia,
3rd ed. Thalassaemia international federation; 2014.
p. 42-97.
- Taher A, Vichinsky E, Musallam K, Cappellini MD, Viprakasit V. Iron
overload and chelation. In: Taher A, Vichinsky E, Musallam K,
Cappellini MD, Viprakasit V, editors. Guidelines for the management of
non transfusion dependent thalassaemia, 1st ed.
Thalassaemia international federation; 2013. p. 35-50.
- Modell B, Darlison M. Global epidemiology of haemoglobin disorders and
derived service indicators. Bull World Health Organ 2008;86:480–487.
- Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB, eds. The Thalassaemia Syndromes.
4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2001.
- Globin gene server home page. Available at: URL:http://globin.cse.psu.edu/.
Accessed Mar 1, 2019.
- Panich V, Pornpatkul M, Sriroongrueng W. The problem of thalassemia in
Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1992;23 Suppl
2:1-6.
- Fucharoen S, Winichagoon P. Hemoglobinopathies in Southeast Asia:
molecular biology and clinical medicine. Hemoglobin 1997;21:299-319.
- Fucharoen S, Winichagoon P, Wisedpanichkij R, Sae-Ngow B, Sriphanich
R, Oncoung W, et al. Prenatal and postnatal diagnoses of thalassemias
and hemoglobinopathies by HPLC. Clin Chem 1998;44:740–748.
- Viprakasit V, Limwongse C, Sukpanichnant S, Ruangvutilert P,
Kanjanakorn C, Glomglao W, et al. Problems in determining thalassemia
carrier status in a program for prevention and control of severe
thalassemia syndromes: a lesson from Thailand. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;
51:1605–1614.
- Tachavanich K, Viprakasit V, Chinchang W, Glomglao W, Pung-Amritt P,
Tanphaichitr VS. Clinical and hematological phenotype of homozygous
hemoglobin E: revisit of a benign condition with hidden reproductive
risk. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2009;40:306-316.
- Taher A, Hershko C, Cappellini MD. Iron overload in thalassaemia
intermedia: reassessment of iron chelation strategies. Br J Haematol
2009;147:634-640.
- Winichakoon P, Tantiworawit A, Rattanathammethee T, Hantrakool S,
Chai-adisaksopha C, Rattarittamrong E, et al. Prevalence and risk
factors for complications in patients with nontransfusion dependent
alpha- and beta-thalassemia. Anemia 2015;2015:1-7.
- Aydinok Y, Porter JB, Piga A, Elalfy M, Beshlawy AE, Kilinc Y, et al.
Prevalence and distribution of iron overload in patients with
transfusion-dependent anemias differs across geographic regions:
results from the CORDELIA study. Eur J Haematol 2015;95:244-253.
- Krittayaphonga R, Viprakasit V, Saiviroonpornc P, Siritanaratkuld N,
Siripornpitake S, Meekaewkunchornf A, et al. Prevalence and predictors
of cardiac and liver iron overload in patients with thalassemia: A
multicenter study based on real-world data. Blood Cells Mol Dis
2017;66:24–30.
- Zimmermann MB, Fucharoen S, Winichagoon P, Sirankapracha P, Zeder C,
Gowachirapant S, et al. Iron metabolism in heterozygotes for
hemoglobin E (HbE), α-thalassemia 1, or β-thalassemia and in compound
heterozygotes for HbE/ β –thalassemia. Am J Clin Nutr
2008;88:1026–1031.
- Tanno T, Bhanu NV, Oneal PA, Goh SH, Staker P, Lee YT, et al .High
levels of GDF15 in thalassemia suppress expression of the iron
regulatory protein hepcidin. Nat Med 2007;13:1096–1101.
- Kim A, Nemeth E. New insights into iron regulation and erythropoiesis.
Curr Opin Hematol 2015;22:199–205.
- Gupta R, Musallam KM, Taher AT, Rivella S. Ineffective erythropoiesis:
anemia and iron overload. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 2018;32:213–21.
- Gardenghi S, Marongiu MF, Ramos P, Guy E, Breda L, Chadburn A, et al.
Ineffective erythropoiesis in beta-thalassemia is characterized by
increased iron absorption mediated by down-regulation of hepcidin and
up-regulation of ferroportin. Blood 2007;109:5027-5035.
- Camberlein E, Zanninelli G, Détivaud L, Lizzi AR, Sorrentino F,
Vacquer S, et al. Anemia in β-thalassemia patients targets hepatic
hepcidin transcript levels independently of iron metabolism genes
controlling hepcidin expression. Haematologica 2008;93:111-115.
- Jones E, Pasricha SR, Allen A, Evans P, Fisher CA, Wray K. Hepcidin is
suppressed by erythropoiesis in hemoglobin E β-thalassemia and
β-thalassemia trait. Blood 2015;125:873-880.
- WHO Anthro for personal computers, version 3.2.2, 2011: Software for
assessing growth and development of the world’s children. Geneva: WHO,
2010.
(http://www.who.int/childgrowth/software/en/)
- Schlosnagle DC, Hutton PS, Conn RB. Ferrozine assay of serum iron and
total iron-binding capacity adapted to the COBAS BIO centrifugal
analyzer. Clin Chem 1982;28:1730-1732.
- Ganz T, Olbina G, Girelli D, Nemeth E, Westerman M. Immunoassay for
human serum hepcidin. Blood 2008;112:4292-4297.
- Zipperer E, Post JG, Herkert M, Kündgen A, Fox F, Haas R, et al. Serum
hepcidin measured with an improved ELISA correlates with parameters of
iron metabolism in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Ann Hematol
2013;92:1617–1623.
- Troutt JS, Rudling M, Persson L, Ståhle L, Angelin B, Butterfield AM,
et al. Circulating human hepcidin-25 concentrations display a diurnal
rhythm, increase with prolonged fasting, and are reduced by growth
hormone administration. Clin Chem 2012;58:1225-1232.
- Eng B PM, Walker L, Chui DHK, Waye JS. Detection of severe
nondeletional α-thalassemia mutations using a single-tube multiplex
ARMS assay. Genet Test 2001;5:327-329.
- Newton CR, Graham A, Heptinstall LE, Powell J, Summers C, Kalsheker N,
et al. Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification
refractory mutation system (ARMS). Nucleic Acids Research
1989;17:2503–2516.
- Tritipsombut J, Phylipsen M, Viprakasit V, Chalaow N, Fucharoen S,
Harteveld CL, et al. A single-tube multiplex gap-polymerase chain
reaction for the detection of eight beta-globin gene cluster deletions
common in Southeast Asia. Hemoglobin 2012;3:571-580.
- Craig JE, Barnetson RA, Prior J, Raven JL, Thein SL. Rapid detection
of deletions caused β-thalassemia and hereditary persistence of fetal
hemoglobin by enzymatic amplification. Blood 1994;83:1673-1682.
- Ekwattanakit S MY, Riolueang S, Tachavanich K, Viprakasit V.
Association of XmnI polymorphism and hemoglobin E haplotypes on
postnatal gamma globin gene expression in homozygous hemoglobin E. Adv
Hematol 2012;2012:1-5.
- Iron deficiency anemia: assessment, prevention and control. A guide
for programme managers. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001
(WHO/NHD/01.3).
- Camaschella C. Iron deficiency: new insights into diagnosis and
treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2015;2015:8-13.
- Galanello R. Screening and diagnosis for haemoglobin disorders. In:
Old J, editor. Prevention of thalassaemias and other haemoglobin
disorders: volume 1, 2nd ed. Nicosia, Cyprus:
Thalassaemia international federation; 2013.
- Tachavanich K, Viprakasit V, Chinchang W, Glomglao W, Pung-Amritt P,
Tanphaichitr VS. Clinical and hematological phenotype of homozygous
hemoglobin E: revisit of a benign condition with hidden reproductive
risk. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2009 Mar;40:306-316.
- Vrettou C, Kanavakis E, Traeger-Synodinos J, Metaxotou-Mavrommati A,
Basiakos I, Maragoudaki E, et al. Molecular studies of
beta-thalassemia heterozygotes with raised Hb F levels. Hemoglobin
2000;24:203-220.
- Viprakasit V, Lee-Lee C, Chong QT, Lin KH, Khuhapinant A. Iron
chelation therapy in the management of thalassemia: the Asian
perspectives. Int J Hematol 2009;90:435-445.
- Tassiopoulos T, Konstantopoulos K, Tassiopoulos S, Rombos Y,
Alevizou-Terzaki V, Kyriaki P, et al. Erythropoietin levels and
microcytosis in heterozygous beta-thalassaemia. Acta Haematol
1997;98:147-149.
- Mehta BC, Pandya BG. Iron status of beta thalassemia carriers. Am J
Hematol 1987;24:137-141.
- Hoorfar H, Sadrarhami S, Keshteli AH, Ardestani SK, Ataei M, Moafi A.
Evaluation of iron status by serum ferritin level in Iranian carriers
of beta thalassemia minor. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2008;78:204-207.
- Dolai TK, Nataraj KS, Sinha N, Mishra S, Bhattacharya M, Ghosh MK.
Prevalance of iron deficiency in thalassemia minor: a study from
tertiary hospital. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2012;28:7–9.
- Hinchliffe RF, Lilleyman JS. Frequency of coincident iron deficiency
and beta-thalassaemia trait in British Asian children. J Clin Pathol
1995;48:594-595.
- Wray K, Allen A, Evans E, Fisher C, Premawardhena A, Perera L, et al.
Hepcidin detects iron deficiency in Sri Lankan adolescents with a high
burden of hemoglobinopathy: A diagnostic test accuracy study. Am J
Hematol 2017;92:196–203.
- Uijterschout L, Domellöf M, Berglund SK, Abbink M, Vos P, Rövekamp L,
et al. Serum hepcidin in infants born after 32 to 37 wk of gestational
age. Pediatr Res 2016;79:608-613.
- Aranda N, Bedmar C, Arija V, Jardí C, Jimenez-Feijoo R, Ferré N, et
al. Serum hepcidin levels, iron status, and HFE gene alterations
during the first year of life in healthy Spanish infants. Ann Hematol
2018;97:1071-1080.
FIGURE 1 Comparison of serum ferritin (A), transferrin
saturation (B) and serum hepcidin (C) between normal infants (NL) and
infants with three subgroups of thalassemia minor; α-thalassemia trait,
β-thalassemia trait or hemoglobin (Hb) E trait, and combined α- and
β-globin mutations
Legend to Figure: #All infants shown herein
were determined as having normal iron status. The difference between
each parameter of infant groups was analyzed using a one-way analysis of
variance (P ). Note: NL: normal; a: α-thalassemia trait, b:
β-thalassemia trait or hemoglobin (Hb) E trait, and c: combined α- and
β-globin mutations. O: infants with thalassemia minor who had iron
deficiency (ID); X: infants with thalassemia minor who had iron
deficiency anemia (IDA).