Caesarean Section versus Vaginal Delivery
Meta-analysis of three studies showed that women who experienced a CS had a slightly higher PTSD symptom score than women who had a VD(Figure 3) . This difference (Effect size = 0.17) was below that of the threshold to be considered small, however it was statistically significant at the 0.05 threshold (p=0.005). This may be a smaller effect size (ES) than expected, because this analysis pooled SVD and IVD, and also pooled ElCS and EmCS. Both poolings likely contain distinct groups which may have varying effects on PTSD.