References
- NICE. (2019). Surgical site infections: prevention and
treatment . (NICE guideline [NG125]). Available at:
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng125. [accessed
11.06.2020].
- National Institute for Health Care and Excellence (NICE), 2008)Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment . Available
at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg74/chapter/Introduction.
[accessed 06.06.2020].
- CDC National Healthcare Safety Network, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention. Surgical site infection (SSI) event. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/9pscssicurrent.pdf.
[accessed 19.06.2020].
- (Public Health Wales, 2018) Public Health Wales.
(2018). Caesarean Section Surgical Site Infection
Surveillance. Available at:
http://www2.nphs.wales.nhs.uk:8080/WHAIPDocs.nsf/3dc04669c9e1eaa880257062003b246b/5080b5c31da10d5b802582db00507def/$FILE/CSSSI%202017%20Annual%20report%20-%20All%20Wales%20-%20V1.pdf
- Olsen, M. A., Butler, A. M., Willers, D. M., Gross, G. A., Hamilton,
B. H., & Fraser, V. J. (2010). Attributable Costs of Surgical Site
Infection and Endometritis After Low Transverse Cesarean
Section. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology, 31 (3),
276–282. doi: 10.1086/650755
- Public Health England (2013). Necrotising Fasciitis (NF) .
Retrieved from
https://www.gov.uk/guidance/necrotising-fasciitis-nf
- WHO. (2015). WHO Statement on Caesarean Section Rates .
Available at:
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/161442/WHO_RHR_15.02_eng.pdf?sequence=1.
[accessed 19.06.2020]
- Betrán, A. P., Ye, J., Moller, A. B., Zhang, J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., &
Torloni, M. R. (2016). The Increasing Trend in Caesarean Section
Rates: Global, Regional and National Estimates: 1990-2014. PloS
one , 11 (2), e0148343.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148343
- Hospital Episode Statistics Analysis HaSCIC. NHS Maternity
Statistics—England, 2014–15. Available at:
http://www.hscic.gov.uk2015.
[accessed 19.06.2020]
- Li Z, Zeki R, Hilder L, et al . 2013. Australia’s mothers and babies
2011. Perinatal statistics series no. 28. Cat. no. PER 59. Canberra:
AIHW National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, 2011
- Betrán AP, Merialdi M, Lauer JA, et al. Rates of caesarean section:
analysis of global, regional and national estimates. Paediatr Perinat
Epidemiol. 2007;21(2):98‐113. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00786.x
- Zejnullahu, V.A., Isjanovska, R., Sejfija, Z. et al. Surgical site
infections after cesarean sections at the University Clinical Center
of Kosovo: rates, microbiological profile and risk factors. BMC Infect
Dis 19, 752 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4383-7.
- World Health Organization. Global Guidelines for the Prevention of
Surgical Site Infection. World Health Organization. 2016. Available
at:
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250680/9789241549882-eng.pdf?sequence=8.
[accessed 19.06.2020]
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surgical site
infections. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2016.
- Wilson J, Wloch C, Saei A et al. Inter-hospital comparison of rates of
surgical site infection following caesarean section delivery:
evaluation of a multicentre surveillance study. J Hosp Infect 2013;
84(1):44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2013.01.009 17.
- Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW et al. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site
Infection, 2017. JAMA Surg 2017; 152(8):784–791.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0904
- Zuarez-Easton S, Zafran N, Garmi G, Salim R. Postcesarean wound
infection: prevalence, impact, prevention, and management
challenges. Int J Womens Health . 2017;9:81-88. Published 2017
Feb 17. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S98876
- Jenks PJ, Laurent M, McQuarry S, Watkins R. Clinical and economic
burden of surgical site infection (SSI) and predicted financial
consequences of elimination of SSI from an English hospital. J Hosp
Infect. 2014;86(1):24‐33. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2013.09.012.
- Plowman R, Graves N, Griffin MA et al et al. The rate and cost of
hospital-acquired infections occurring in patients admitted to
selected specialties of a district general hospital in England and the
national burden imposed. J Hosp Infect 2001; 47(3):198–209.
- de Lissovoy G, Fraeman K, Hutchins V et al Surgical site infection:
Incidence and impact on hospital utilization and treatment costs. Am J
Infect Control 2009; 37(5):387–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ajic.2008.12.010
- McLaws ML, Taylor PC. The Hospital Infection Standardised Surveillance
(HISS) programme: analysis of a two-year pilot. J Hosp Infect 2003;
53(4):259–267. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhin.2002.1361
- Troughton, R., Birgand, G., Johnson, A.P., Naylor, N., Gharbi, M.,
Aylin, P. … Holmes, A. (2018). Mapping national surveillance of
surgical site infections in England: needs and priorities. Journal of
Hospital Infection, 100 (-), 378-385. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.06.006.
- Andersson, A.E., Bergh, I., Karlsson, J., & Nilsson, K. (2010).
Patients’ experiences of acquiring a deep surgical site infection: An
interview study. American Journal of infection control, 38 (9),
711-717. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.03.017.
- Umscheid CA, Mitchell MD, Doshi JA et al. Estimating the proportion of
healthcare-associated infections that are reasonably preventable and
the related mortality and costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;
32(2):101–114. https://doi. org/10.1086/657912
- Pallasmaa, N., Ekblad, U., Aitokallio-Tallberg, A., Uotila, J.,
Raudaskoski, T., Ulander, V., & Hurme, S. (2010). Cesarean delivery
in finland: Maternal complications and obstetric risk
factors. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 89 (7),
896-902. doi:10.3109/00016349.2010.487893
- Newlin, C., Kuehl, T.J., Pickrel, A., Cawyer, C.R., & Jones, R.O.
(2015). Cesarean Section Incision Complications and Associated Risk
Factors: A Quality Assurance Project. Open Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, 5, 789-794. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojog.2015.514111.
- Ghuman, M., Rohlandt, D., Joshy, G., & Lawrenson, R. (2011).
Post-caesarean section surgical site infection: rate and risk factors.
The New Zealand Medical Journal, 124 (1339), 32-36. Retrieved from
http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/124-1339/4783/.
- Henman, K., Gordon, C., Gardiner, T., Thorn, J., Spain, B., Davies,
J., & Baird, R. (2012). Surgical site infections following Caesarean
section at royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory. Healthcare
Infection, 17 (N/A), 47-51. doi: 10.1071/H11027.
- Wloch C1, Wilson J, Lamagni T, Harrington P, Charlett A, Sheridan E.
Risk factors for surgical site infection following caesarean section
in England: results from a multicentre cohort study. BJOG. 2012
Oct;119(11):1324-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03452.x. Epub 2012
Aug 1
- Saeed, K., Corcoran, P., O’Riordan, M., & Greene, R.A. (2019). Risk
factors for surgical site infection after cesarean delivery: A
case-control study. American Journal of Infection Control, 47,
164-169. doi: org/10.1016/j.ajic.2018.07.023.
- Najm, B. & Majeed, K. (2019). Factors related to surgical site
infection following cesarean section in a Baghdad’s women. World
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8 (2), 101-124. doi:
10.20959/wjpr20192-14162.
- Kabon, B., Nagele, A., Reddy, D., Eagon, C., Fleshman, J.W., Sessler,
D.I., & Kurz, A. (2004). Obesity Decreases Perioperative Tissue
Oxygenation. American Society of Anesthesiologists, 100 (2), 274-280.
Retrieved from
https://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1942778.
- Qadan, M., Akca, O., Mahid, S.S., Hornung, C.A., & Polk, H.C. (2009).
Perioperative Supplemental Oxygen Therapy and Surgical Site Infection
A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. American Medical
Association, 144(4), 359-366. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.2009.1.
- Genoni, G., Prodam, F., Marolda, A., Giglione, E., Demarchi, I.,
Bellone, S., & Bona, G. (2014). Obesity and infection: two sides of
one coin. European Journal of Pediatrics, 173 (1), 25-32. doi:
10.1007/s00431-013-2178-1.
- Avishai, E., Yeghiazaryan, K., & Golubnitschaja, O. (2017). Impaired
wound healing: facts and hypotheses for multi-professional
considerations in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine.
The EMPA Journal, 8 (1), 23-33. doi: 10.1007/s13167-017-0081-y.
- Guo, S. & DiPierto, L.A. (2010). Factors affecting wound healing.
Journal of Dental Research, 89 (3), 219-229. doi:
10.1177/0022034509359125.
- Pierpont, Y., Phuong Dinh, T., Emerick Salas, R., Johnson, E., Wright,
T., Robson, M., & Payne, W. (2014). Obesity and surgical wound
healing: A Current review. ISRN Obesity, 2014 (-), 1-13. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/638936.
- Tjeertes, E.K.M., Hoeks, S.E., Beks, S.B.J.C., Valentijn, T.M.,
Hoofwijk, A.G.M., & Stolker, R.J. (2015). Obesity -a risk factor for
postoperative complications in general surgery? BMC Anesthesiology, 15
(155), 1-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-015-0096-7.
- Falagas, M.E. & Karageorgopoulos, D.E. (2010). Adjustment of dosing
of antimicrobial agents for bodyweight in adults. Lancet, 375 (-),
248-251. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60743-1.
- Thelwall, S., Harrington, P., Sheridan, E., & Lamagni, T. (2015).
Impact of obesity on the risk of wound infection following surgery:
results from a nationwide prospective multicentre cohort study in
England. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 21 (11),
1008.e1-1008.e8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.07.003.
- Corneille, M. G., Steigelman, M. B., Myers, J. G., Jundt, J., Dent, D.
L., Lopez, P. P., …Stewart R. M. (2007). Laparoscopic appendectomy
is superior to open appendectomy in obese patients. The American
Journal of Surgery, 194(6), 877-881. doi:
10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.08.043
- Nolan, M., Martin, D., Thompson, R., Schroeder, D., Hanson, A., &
Warner, D. (2017). Association between smoking status, preoperative
exhaled carbon monoxide levels, and postoperative surgical site
infection in patients undergoing elective surgery. JAMA Surgery, 152
(5), 476-483. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.5704.
- Muller, L.M.A.J., Gorter, K.J., Hak, E., Goudzwaard, W.L., Schellevis,
F.G., Hoepelman, A.I.M., & Rutten, G.E.H.M. (2005). Increased Risk of
Common Infections in Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 41 (3), 281-288. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1086/431587.
- Shah, B.R. & Hux, J.E. (2003). Quantifying the risk of infectious
diseases for people with diabetes. Diabetes care,26 (2), 510-513. doi:
https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.2.510.
- Figueroa, D., Chapman Juak, V., Szychowski, J.M., Garner, R., Biggio,
J.R., Andrews, W.W. … Tita, A.T.N. (2013). Surgical Staples Compared
with Subcuticular Suture for Skin Closure After Cesarean Delivery: A
Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 121 (1),
33-38. doi:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23262925.
- Kaye, K. S., Schmit, K., Pieper, C., Sloane, R., Caughlan, K. F.,
Sexton, D. J., & Schmader, K. E. (2005). The Effect of Increasing Age
on the Risk of Surgical Site Infection. The Journal of infectious
Diseases, 191(7), 1056–1062. doi: 10.1086/428626.
- Valiathan, R., Ashman, M., & Asthana, D. (2016). Effects of Ageing on
the Immune System: Infants toElderly. Scandinavian Journal of
Immunology , 83 (-), 255-266. doi: 10.1111/sji.12413.
- Agodi, A., Quattrocchi, A., Barchitta, M., Adornetto, V., Cocuzza, A.,
Latino, R., Li Destri, G., & Di Cataldo, A. (2015). Risk of surgical
site infection in older patients in a cohort survey: targets for
quality improvement in antibiotic prophylaxis. International surgery,
100(3), 473–479. https://doi.org/10.9738/INTSURG-D-14-00042.1
- Brem, H. & Tomic-Canic, M. (2007). Cellular and molecular basis of
wound healing in diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117
(5), 1219-1222. doi: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI32169.
- Baltzis, D., Eleftheriadou, I., & Veves, A. (2014). Pathogenesis and
Treatment of Impaired Wound Healing in Diabetes Mellitus: New
Insights. Advances in Therapy, 31 (8), 817-836. doi:
10.1007/s12325-014-0140-x.
- Rangaswamy, M. (2013). Minimising complications in abdominoplasty: An
approach based on the root cause analysis and focused preventive
steps. Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery, 46(2), 365–376.. doi:
10.4103/0970-0358.118615
- Barnes, S., Spencer, M., Graham, D., & Boehm Johnson, H. (2014).
Surgical wound irrigation: A call for evidence-based standardization
of practice. American Journal of infection control, 42(5), 525-529.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.01.012.
- Romero-Corral, A., Somers, V.K., Sierra-Johnson, J., Thomas, R.J.,
Collazo-Clavell, M.L., Korinek, J. … Lopez-Jimenez, F. (2008).
Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general
population. international journal of obesity, 32 , 959-966. Retrieved
from https://www.nature.com/articles/ijo200811.
- Aggarwal, V. K., Higuera, C., Deirmengian, G., Parvizi, J., & Austin,
M. S. (2013). Swab Cultures Are Not As Effective As Tissue Cultures
for Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Clinical Orthopaedics
and clinical research,471(10), 3196–3203. doi:
10.1007/s11999-013-2974-y