References
1. Shifaa Suhayl Alkotob Cade Cannedy Katharina Harter Hesam Movassagh Bibek Paudel Mary Prunicki Vanitha Sampath Tamara Schikowski Eric Smith Qi Zhao Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann Kari C. Nadeau. Advances and novel developments in environmental influences on the development of atopic diseases. Allergy 2020; 75 (12): 3077-3086.
2. Lunjani N, Satitsuksanoa P, Lukasik Z, Sokolowska M, Eiwegger T, O’Mahony L. Recent developments and highlights in mechanisms of allergic diseases: Microbiome. Allergy 2018;73: (12):2314-2327.
3. Walter J, O’Mahony L. The importance of social networks-An ecological and evolutionary framework to explain the role of microbes in the aetiology of allergy and asthma. Allergy 2019; 74(11):2248-2251.
4. Stephen AM, Champ MMJ, Cloran SJ, Fleith M, van Lieshout L, Mejborn H, et al. Dietary fibre in Europe: current state of knowledge on definitions, sources, recommendations, intakes and relationships to health. Nutrition Research Reviews. 2017;30(2):149-90.
5. Lunn JB, J.L. Carbohydrates and dietary fibre. Nutrition Bulletin. 2007;32(1):43.
6. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products NaAN. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to konjac mannan (glucomannan) and reduction of body weight (ID 854, 1556, 3725), reduction of post-prandial glycaemic responses (ID 1559), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 835, 3724), maintenance of normal (fasting) blood concentrations of triglycerides (ID 3217), maintenance of normal blood cholesterol concentrations (ID 3100, 3217), maintenance of normal bowel function (ID 834, 1557, 3901) and decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal micro- organisms (ID 1558) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 8, 1798–1825. 2010. Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1798. Accessed November 2021.
7. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr. 1995;125(6):1401-12.
8. Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502.
9. EU Science Hub Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Knowledge Gateway: Dietary Fibre. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/health-knowledge-gateway/promotion-prevention/nutrition/fibre. Accessed November 2021.
10. McDonald D, Hyde E, Debelius JW, Morton JT, Gonzalez A, Ackermann G et al. American Gut: an Open Platform for Citizen Science Microbiome Research. mSystems 2018 May 15;3(3):e00031-18.
11. EFSA (2010) European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre (2010). EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(3):1462.
12. Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations. Sonnenburg ED, Smits SA, Tikhonov M, Higginbottom SK, Wingreen NS, Sonnenburg JL. Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):212-5.
13. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 2012; 486 486(7402):222-7.
14. Michalovich D, Rodriguez-Perez N, Smolinska S, Pirozynski M, Mayhew D, et al. Obesity and disease severity magnify disturbed microbiome-immune interactions in asthma patients. Nat Commun. 2019 Dec 13;10(1):5711.
15. O’Keefe, SJ, Li, JV, Lahti, L. Fat, fibre and cancer risk in African Americans and rural Africans. Nat Commun 2015; 28 (6): 6342–6342.
16. El Kaoutari et al. The abundance and variety of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the human gut microbiota. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2013; 11(7):497-504.
17. Rowland I. et al. Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Eur J Nutr. 2018; 57(1):1-24.
18. Deehan EC, Yang C, Perez-Muñoz ME, Nguyen NK, Cheng CC, Triador L, Zhang Z, Bakal JA, Walter J. Precision Microbiome Modulation with Discrete Dietary Fiber Structures Directs Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production. Cell Host Microbe. 2020; 11;27(3):389-404.
19. Jost T, Lacroix C, Braegger C, Chassard C. Impact of human milk bacteria and oligosaccharides on neonatal gut microbiota establishment and gut health. Nutr Rev 2015; 73(7):426-37.
20. Garrido D, Ruiz-Moyano S, Lemay DG, Sela DA, German JB, Mills DA. Comparative transcriptomics reveals key differences in the response to milk oligosaccharides of infant gut-associated bifidobacteria. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 13517.
21. Yang Cai, Jelle Folkerts, Gert Folkerts, Marcus Maurer, Saskia Braber. Microbiota-dependent and -independent effects of dietary fibre on human health. Br J Pharmacol. 2020 Mar;177(6):1363-1381.
22. Atsushi Majima, Osamu Handa, Yuji Naito, Yosuke Suyama, et al. Real-time monitoring of trans-epithelial electrical resistance in cultured intestinal epithelial cells: the barrier protection of water-soluble dietary fiber. J Dig Dis. 2017 Mar;18(3):151-159.
23. Chunli Kong, Marlies Elderman, Lianghui Cheng, Bart J de Haan, Arjen Nauta, Paul de Vos. Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Glycocalyx Development by Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Non-Digestible Carbohydrates. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2019;63(17):e1900303.
24. Martin Beukema, Marijke M Faas, Paul de Vos. The effects of different dietary fiber pectin structures on the gastrointestinal immune barrier: impact via gut microbiota and direct effects on immune cells. Exp Mol Med. 2020;52(9):1364-1376.
25. Dang AT, Marsland BJ. Microbes, metabolites, and the gut-lung axis. Mucosal Immunol 2019;12(4):843-850.
26. Trompette A, et al. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nat Med. 2014;20(2):159-66. 45.
27. Antunes KH, et al. Microbiota-derived acetate protects against respiratory syncytial virus infection through a GPR43-type 1 interferon response. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):3273.
28. Zheng L, et al. Microbial-Derived Butyrate Promotes Epithelial Barrier Function through IL-10 Receptor-Dependent Repression of Claudin-2. J Immunol 2017;199(8):2976-2984. 48.
29. Thio CL, et al. Regulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cell-dependent airway hyperreactivity by butyrate. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018 ;142(6):1867-1883.
30. Folkerts J, Redegeld F, Folkerts G, Blokhuis B, van den Berg MPM, de Bruijn MJW, et al. Butyrate inhibits human mast cell activation via epigenetic regulation of FcεRI-mediated signaling. Allergy 2020; 75(8):1966-1978.
31. O’Mahony L. Short Chain Fatty Acids Modulate Mast Cell Activation. Allergy 2020; 75(8):1848-1849.
32. Roduit C, Frei R, Ferstl R, Loeliger S, Westermann P, Rhyner C, et al. High levels of butyrate and propionate in early life are associated with protection against atopy. Allergy 2019;74(4):799-809.
33. Tan J, McKenzie C, Vuillermin PJ, Goverse G, Vinuesa CG, Mebius RE, et al. Dietary Fiber and Bacterial SCFA Enhance Oral Tolerance and Protect against Food Allergy through Diverse Cellular Pathways. Cell Reports 2016;15(12):2809-2824.
34. Lorella Paparo, Rita Nocerino, Elena Ciaglia, Carmen Di Scala, et al. Butyrate as bioactive human milk protective component against food allergy. Allergy 2020; 76(5):1398-1415.
35. Arpaia, N., Campbell, C., Fan, X. et al. Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation. Nature 2013; 504(7480):451-5.
36. Furusawa, Y., Obata, Y., Fukuda, S. et al. Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature 2013; 504(7480):446-50.
37. Orel R, Rebersak LV. Clinical Effects of Prebiotics in Pediatric Population. Indian Pediatr 2016; 53(12):1083-9.
38. Cuello-Garcia CA, Fiocchi A, Pawankar R, Yepes-Nunez JJ, Morgano GP, Zhang Y, et al. World Allergy Organization-McMaster University Guidelines for Allergic Disease Prevention (GLAD-P): Prebiotics. World Allergy Organ J 2016; 9:10.
39. Cuello-Garcia C, Fiocchi A, Pawankar R, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Morgano GP, Zhang Y, et al. Prebiotics for the prevention of allergies: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47(11)):1468-77.
40. Recto MST, Genuino MLG, Castor MAR, Casis-Hao RJ, Tamondong-Lachica DR, Sales MIV, et al. Dietary primary prevention of allergic diseases in children: the Philippine guidelines. Asia Pac Allergy 2017; 7(2):102-14.
41. Garcia-Larsen V, Ierodiakonou D, Jarrold K, Cunha S, Chivinge J, Robinson Z, et al. Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2018; 15(2):e1002507.
42. Skorka A, Piescik-Lech M, Kolodziej M, Szajewska H. Infant formulae supplemented with prebiotics: Are they better than unsupplemented formulae? An updated systematic review. Br J Nutr 2018; 119(7):810-25.
43. de Silva D, Halken S, Singh C, Muraro A, Angier E, Arasi S, et al. Preventing food allergy in infancy and childhood: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31(7):813-826.
44. Andrianasolo, R. M., S. Hercberg, E. Kesse-Guyot, N. Druesne-Pecollo, M. Touvier, P. Galan and R. Varraso (2019). ”Association between dietary fibre intake and asthma (symptoms and control): results from the French national e-cohort NutriNet-Santé.”Br J Nutr 122(9): 1040-1051.
45. Bseikri M, McCann JC, Lal A, Fong E, Graves K, Goldrich A, Block D, Gildengoren GL, Mietus-Snyder M, Shigenaga M, Suh J, Hardy K, Ames BN. A novel nutritional intervention improves lung function in overweight/obese adolescents with poorly controlled asthma: the Supplemental Nutrition in Asthma Control (SNAC) pilot study. FASEB J. 2018:fj201700338. PMID: 30024788.
46. McLoughlin R, Berthon BS, Rogers GB, Baines KJ, Leong LEX, Gibson PG, Williams EJ, Wood LG. Soluble fibre supplementation with and without a probiotic in adults with asthma: A 7-day randomised, double blind, three way cross-over trial. EBioMedicine. 2019; 46:473-485.
47. Saeed MA, Gribben KC, Alam M, Lyden ER, Hanson CK, LeVan TD. Association of Dietary Fiber on Asthma, Respiratory Symptoms, and Inflammation in the Adult National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Population. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17(9):1062-1068.
48. Grieger JA, Grzeskowiak LE, Wood LG, Clifton VL. Asthma control in pregnancy is associated with pre-conception dietary patterns. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(2):332-8.
49. Pretorius R, Prescott SL, Palmer DJ. Taking a prebiotic approach to early immunomodulation for allergy prevention. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14(1)):43-51.
50. Williams NC, Johnson MA, Shaw DE, Spendlove I, Vulevic J, Sharpe GR, et al. A prebiotic galactooligosaccharide mixture reduces severity of hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction and markers of airway inflammation. Br J Nutr 2016; 116(2):798-804.
51. Derakhshan A, Khodadoost M, Ghanei M, Gachkar L, Hajimahdipour H, Taghipour A, Yousefi J, Khoshkhui M, Azad FJ. Effects of a Novel Barley-Based Formulation on Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2019;19(8):1224-1231.
52. Ido Y, Nagamine T. The effect of prebiotic lactosucrose on serum IgE levels in allergic people: A pilot study in Japan. International Medical Journal 2018; 25:389-90.
53. Matano Y, Morita T, Ito M, Okazaki S, Koto M, Ichikawa Y, Takayama R, Hoashi T, Saeki H, Kanda N. Dietary habits in Japanese patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Australas J Dermatol. 2020 Aug;61(3):e333-e338.
54. Bozensky J, Hill M, Zelenka R, Skyba T. Prebiotics Do Not Influence the Severity of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants: A Randomised Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10(11):e0142897.
55. Boyle RJ, Tang MLK, Chiang WC, Chua MC, Ismail I, Nauta A, et al. Prebiotic-supplemented partially hydrolysed cow’s milk formula for the prevention of eczema in high-risk infants: A randomized controlled trial. Allergy 2016; 71(5):701-10.
56. Ranucci G, Buccigrossi V, Borgia E, Piacentini D, Visentin F, Cantarutti L, et al. Galacto-Oligosaccharide/Polidextrose Enriched Formula Protects against Respiratory Infections in Infants at High Risk of Atopy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10(3):286.
57. Koga Y, Tokunaga S, Nagano J, Sato F, Konishi K, Tochio T, et al. Age-associated effect of kestose on Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and symptoms in the atopic dermatitis infants. Pediatr Res 2016; 80(6):844-51.
58. Grüber C, van Stuivenberg M, Mosca F, Moro G, Chirico G, Braegger CP, Riedler J, Yavuz Y, Boehm G, Wahn U; MIPS II Working Group. Immunoactive prebiotics transiently prevent occurrence of early atopic dermatitis among low-atopy-risk infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(6):1696-1698.
59. Pontes MV, Ribeiro TCM, Ribeiro H, De Mattos AP, Almeida IR, Leal VM, et al. Cow’s milk-based beverage consumption in 1- to 4-year-olds and allergic manifestations: An RCT. Nutrition Journal 2016;15:19.
60. Venter C, Greenhawt M, Meyer RW, Agostoni C, Reese I, et al. EAACI position paper on diet diversity in pregnancy, infancy and childhood: Novel concepts and implications for studies in allergy and asthma. Allergy. 2020 Mar;75(3):497-523.
Figure 1
Legend: The imbalance between high fiber versus high fat diets negatively affects the microbiome with subsequent defects in immune tolerance induction.
Figure 2
Legend: Microbial metabolism of dietary fibers generates metabolites (e.g. SCFAs) that promote differentiation and survival of regulatory immune cell subsets.