[Insert Figure 9 here]
4 Conclusions
The more recent studies benefiting from the longer and finer
observations revealed the growth tendency of lakes in the central TP had
been decelerated or reversed during the period 2010-2016. However,
whether the deceleration or hiatus would last in the following years
remains unclear. It has not been systematically investigated thus far.
Thus, in this study, 22 large inland lakes were investigated to update
our understanding of the changing characteristics of Tibetan lakes
during the period 2016-2018 by combining the traditional and
recently-advanced radar altimetry measurements. Furthermore, we will
explore the potential climate driving mechanism of the recent varying
tendency of lake changes in the TP. For most lakes in the TP, lake
levels showed an abrupt rise during 2016-2018, compared with the earlier
stage during 2010-2016, but the onsets and magnitudes of water level
rise varied with subzones and lakes.
Our results reveal that the lake water levels in the NTP displayed a
sharply rise with an average rate of 0.90 m/a except Kusai Lake
(outburst of its upstream lake). In the central TP, the lake level
changes are divided into two categories during the period 2016-2018,
which is different from the dramatic increasing pattern for lakes in the
northern TP. The water level for Qinghai Lake in the northeastern TP
kept a stable growth tendency during the recent years, reaching
0.47m/a. The water level rising
rates for the three lakes in the northwestern TP (LumajangdongCo, Jieze
Caka and Heishibei Lake) are extremely different from each other. The
spatial differences of the lake level rise rates were primarily caused
by the changes of precipitation over the TP, which may be related to the
large-scale atmospheric circulation. The atmospheric circulations such
as ENSO and AO may contribute to the anomalous precipitation by driving
water vapor transport of TP, but vary with different years. Although
this study could be beneficial for our understanding of the driving
mechanism of the rapid water level rise of Tibetan lakes and
hydrological cycle under future climate change conditions, more
comprehensive investigations of precise physical processes are required
to clarify the climate-driven mechanism of Tibetan lake level changes in
the further study.Acknowledgments:
This work was partly funded by the
Second
Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research
(2019QZKK0202),
the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences (Grant No. XDA23100102), the
National Key Research and
Development Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFA0607101, 2018YFD0900804,
2018YFD1100101), the Thousand Young Talents Program in China (Grant No.
Y7QR011001), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.
41971403, 41801321). We are also grateful to the Laboratoire d’Etudes en
Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), the Hydrological Time
Series of Inland Waters (DAHITI), the NASA EOSDIS Physical Oceanography
Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), Centre National d’Etudes
Spatiales (CNES), the China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System
and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts for providing
satellite altimetry data and meteorological data for this study.
Data Availability
Statement
Hydroweb
data and DAHITI data are downloaded from the Hydroweb service
(http://hydroweb.theia‐land.fr) and the DAHITI service
(https://dahiti.dgfi.tum.de/en), respectively. We can download the SARAL
data from ftp://avisoftp.cnes.fr and Sentinel-3 data from
https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/sentinel-data-access. The
precipitation data and ERA-interim reanalysis data are collected from
the China Meteorological Network (http://data. cma.cn) and the NOAA
Physical Sciences Laboratory
(https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.erainterim.html).
Reference
Busker, T., de Roo, A., Gelati, E., Schwatke, C., Adamovic, M.,
Bisselink, B., Pekel, J.-F., & Cottam, A. (2019). A global lake and
reservoir volume analysis using a surface water dataset and satellite
altimetry. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 23 , 669-690
Chen, B., Xu, X.-D., Yang, S., & Zhang, W. (2012). On the origin and
destination of atmospheric moisture and air mass over the Tibetan
Plateau. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 110 , 423-435
Crétaux, J.-F., Calmant, S., Romanovski, V., Perosanz, F., Tashbaeva,
S., Bonnefond, P., Moreira, D., Shum, C., Nino, F., & Bergé-Nguyen, M.
(2011a). Absolute calibration of Jason radar altimeters from GPS
kinematic campaigns over Lake Issykkul. Marine Geodesy, 34 ,
291-318
Crétaux, J.-F., Calmant, S., Romanovski, V., Shabunin, A., Lyard, F.,
Bergé-Nguyen, M., Cazenave, A., Hernandez, F., & Perosanz, F. (2009).
An absolute calibration site for radar altimeters in the continental
domain: Lake Issykkul in Central Asia. Journal of Geodesy, 83 ,
723-735
Crétaux, J.-F., Jelinski, W., Calmant, S., Kouraev, A., Vuglinski, V.,
Bergé-Nguyen, M., Gennero, M.-C., Nino, F., Del Rio, R.A., & Cazenave,
A. (2011b). SOLS: A lake database to monitor in the Near Real Time water
level and storage variations from remote sensing data. Advances in
space research, 47 , 1497-1507
Dee, D.P., Uppala, S.M., Simmons, A., Berrisford, P., Poli, P.,
Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M., Balsamo, G., & Bauer, d.P.
(2011). The ERA‐Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the
data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the royal
meteorological society, 137 , 553-597
Donchyts, G., Eilander, D., Schellekens, J., Winsemius, H., Gorelick,
N., Erickson, T., & Van De Giesen, N. (2016). Monitoring Earth’s
reservoir and lake dynamics from space. In, AGU Fall Meeting
Abstracts
Donlon, C., Berruti, B., Buongiorno, A., Ferreira, M.-H., Féménias, P.,
Frerick, J., Goryl, P., Klein, U., Laur, H., & Mavrocordatos, C.
(2012). The global monitoring for environment and security (GMES)
sentinel-3 mission. Remote Sensing of Environment, 120 , 37-57
Gao, L., Liao, J., & Shen, G. (2013). Monitoring lake-level changes in
the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau using radar altimeter data (2002–2012).Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 7 , 073470
Huang, S., Dahal, D., Young, C., Chander, G., & Liu, S. (2011).
Integration of Palmer Drought Severity Index and remote sensing data to
simulate wetland water surface from 1910 to 2009 in Cottonwood Lake
area, North Dakota. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115 , 3377-3389
Hwang, C., Cheng, Y.-S., Yang, W.-H., Zhang, G., Huang, Y.-R., Shen,
W.-B., & Pan, Y. (2019). Lake level changes in the Tibetan Plateau from
Cryosat-2, SARAL, ICESat, and Jason-2 altimeters. Terr. Atmos.
Ocean Sci, 30 , 1-18
Jarihani, A.A., Callow, J.N., Johansen, K., & Gouweleeuw, B. (2013).
Evaluation of multiple satellite altimetry data for studying inland
water bodies and river floods. Journal of Hydrology, 505 , 78-90
Jiang, L., Nielsen, K., Andersen, O.B., & Bauer-Gottwein, P. (2017).
Monitoring recent lake level variations on the Tibetan Plateau using
CryoSat-2 SARIn mode data. Journal of hydrology, 544 , 109-124
Jiang, L., Andersen, O. B., Nielsen, K., Zhang, G., & Bauer-Gottwein,
P. (2019). Influence of local geoid variation on water surface elevation
estimates derived from multi-mission altimetry for Lake Namco.Remote Sensing of Environment, 221 , 65-79.
Kleinherenbrink, M., Lindenbergh, R., & Ditmar, P. (2015). Monitoring
of lake level changes on the Tibetan Plateau and Tian Shan by retracking
Cryosat SARIn waveforms. Journal of hydrology, 521 , 119-131
Lehner, B., & Döll, P. (2004). Development and validation of a global
database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. Journal of Hydrology,
296 , 1-22
Lei, Y., Yang, K., Wang, B., Sheng, Y., Bird, B.W., Zhang, G., & Tian,
L. (2014). Response of inland lake dynamics over the Tibetan Plateau to
climate change. Climatic change, 125 , 281-290
Lei, Y., Yao, T., Yang, K., Sheng, Y., Kleinherenbrink, M., Yi, S.,
Bird, B.W., Zhang, X., Zhu, L., & Zhang, G. (2017). Lake seasonality
across the Tibetan Plateau and their varying relationship with regional
mass changes and local hydrology. Geophysical Research Letters,
44 , 892-900
Lei, Y., Zhu, Y., Wang, B., Yao, T., Yang, K., Zhang, X., Zhai, J., &
Ma, N. (2019). Extreme lake level changes on the Tibetan Plateau
associated with the 2015/2016 El Niño. Geophysical Research
Letters, 46 , 5889-5898
Liu, W., & Juárez, R.N. (2001). ENSO drought onset prediction in
northeast Brazil using NDVI. International Journal of Remote
Sensing, 22 , 3483-3501
Lu, N., Trenberth, K.E., Qin, J., Yang, K., & Yao, L. (2015). Detecting
long-term trends in precipitable water over the Tibetan Plateau by
synthesis of station and MODIS observations. Journal of Climate,
28 , 1707-1722
Lu, S., Jia, L., Zhang, L., Wei, Y., Baig, M.H.A., Zhai, Z., Meng, J.,
Li, X., & Zhang, G. (2017). Lake water surface mapping in the Tibetan
Plateau using the MODIS MOD09Q1 product. Remote sensing letters,
8 , 224-233
Ma, R., Duan, H., Hu, C., Feng, X., Li, A., Ju, W., Jiang, J., & Yang,
G. (2010). A half‐century of changes in China’s lakes: Global warming or
human influence? Geophysical Research Letters, 37
Mao, D., Wang, Z., Yang, H., Li, H., Thompson, J.R., Li, L., Song, K.,
Chen, B., Gao, H., & Wu, J. (2018). Impacts of climate change on
Tibetan lakes: Patterns and processes. Remote Sensing, 10 , 358
Palmer, S.C., Kutser, T., & Hunter, P.D. (2015). Remote sensing of
inland waters: Challenges, progress and future directions. In: Elsevier
Pekel, J.-F., Cottam, A., Gorelick, N., & Belward, A.S. (2016).
High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term
changes. Nature, 540 , 418-422
Phan, V., Lindenbergh, R., & Menenti, M. (2012). Seasonal trends in
Tibetan lake level changes as observed by ICESat laser altimetry.ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Sciences, 1 , 237-242
Piao, S., Cui, M., Chen, A., Wang, X., Ciais, P., Liu, J., & Tang, Y.
(2011). Altitude and temperature dependence of change in the spring
vegetation green-up date from 1982 to 2006 in the Qinghai-Xizang
Plateau. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151 , 1599-1608
Project, J.M.M. (2010). GHRSST Level 4 MUR Global Foundation Sea Surface
Temperature Analysis
Qiao, B., Zhu, L., & Yang, R. (2019). Temporal-spatial differences in
lake water storage changes and their links to climate change throughout
the Tibetan Plateau. Remote sensing of environment, 222 , 232-243
Schwatke, C., Dettmering, D., Bosch, W., & Seitz, F. (2015). DAHITI–an
innovative approach for estimating water level time series over inland
waters using multi-mission satellite altimetry. Hydrology and
Earth System Sciences, 19 , 4345-4364
Sheng, Y., Song, C., Wang, J., Lyons, E.A., Knox, B.R., Cox, J.S., &
Gao, F. (2016). Representative lake water extent mapping at continental
scales using multi-temporal Landsat-8 imagery. Remote sensing of
environment, 185 , 129-141
Shi, K., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Wang, M., & Qin, B. (2014). Remote sensing
of diffuse attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically active
radiation in Lake Taihu using MERIS data. Remote Sensing of
Environment, 140 , 365-377
Smith, L.C., Sheng, Y., MacDonald, G., & Hinzman, L. (2005).
Disappearing arctic lakes. Science, 308 , 1429-1429
Song, C., Huang, B., & Ke, L. (2013). Modeling and analysis of lake
water storage changes on the Tibetan Plateau using multi-mission
satellite data. Remote sensing of environment, 135 , 25-35
Song, C., Huang, B., Ke, L., & Richards, K.S. (2014a). Remote sensing
of alpine lake water environment changes on the Tibetan Plateau and
surroundings: A review. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing, 92 , 26-37
Song, C., Huang, B., Richards, K., Ke, L., & Hien Phan, V. (2014b).
Accelerated lake expansion on the Tibetan Plateau in the 2000s: Induced
by glacial melting or other processes? Water Resources Research,
50 , 3170-3186
Song, C., Ye, Q., & Cheng, X. (2015a). Shifts in water-level variation
of Namco in the central Tibetan Plateau from ICESat and CryoSat-2
altimetry and station observations. Science Bulletin, 60 ,
1287-1297
Song, C., Ye, Q., Sheng, Y., & Gong, T. (2015b). Combined ICESat and
CryoSat-2 altimetry for accessing water level dynamics of Tibetan lakes
over 2003–2014. Water, 7 , 4685-4700
Vörösmarty, C.J. (2002). Global water assessment and potential
contributions from Earth Systems Science. Aquatic Sciences, 64 ,
328-351
Wan, W., Long, D., Hong, Y., Ma, Y., Yuan, Y., Xiao, P., Duan, H., Han,
Z., & Gu, X. (2016). A lake data set for the Tibetan Plateau from the
1960s, 2005, and 2014. Scientific data, 3 , 1-13
Wang, J., Sheng, Y., & Tong, T.S.D. (2014). Monitoring decadal lake
dynamics across the Yangtze Basin downstream of Three Gorges Dam.Remote Sensing of Environment, 152 , 251-269
Wang, J., Song, C., Reager, J.T., Yao, F., Famiglietti, J.S., Sheng, Y.,
MacDonald, G.M., Brun, F., Schmied, H.M., & Marston, R.A. (2018).
Recent global decline in endorheic basin water storages. Nature
Geoscience, 11 , 926-932
Wang, L., Chen, W., & Huang, R. (2008). Interdecadal modulation of PDO
on the impact of ENSO on the East Asian winter monsoon.