References:
1. Hill CC, Pickinpaugh J. Trauma and surgical emergencies in the obstetric patient. Surg Clin North Am . 2008;88(2):421-440.
2. Harland KK, Saftlas AF, Yankowitz J, Peek-Asa C. Risk factors for maternal injuries in a population-based sample of pregnant women.J Women’s Heal . 2014;23(12):1033-1038.
3. Periyanayagam U, Crandall M. The cost of injury: hospital charges for pregnant trauma patients, 1999 to 2003. Am J Surg . 2014;208(1):130-135.
4. Fischer PE, Zarzaur BL, Fabian TC, Magnotti LJ, Croce MA. Minor trauma is an unrecognized contributor to poor fetal outcomes: a population-based study of 78,552 pregnancies. J Trauma Acute Care Surg . 2011;71(1):90-93.
5. Mendez-Figueroa H, Dahlke JD, Vrees RA, Rouse DJ. Trauma in pregnancy: an updated systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2013;209(1):1-10.
6. Distelhorst JT, Krishnamoorthy V, Schiff MA. Association between hospital trauma designation and maternal and neonatal outcomes after injury among pregnant women in Washington State. J Am Coll Surg . 2016;222(3):296-302.
7. Schiff MA, Holt VL. Pregnancy outcomes following hospitalization for motor vehicle crashes in Washington State from 1989 to 2001. Am J Epidemiol . 2005;161(6):503-510.
8. Fantus RJ, Thompson B. Baby on board: Trauma in pregnancy. American College Of Surgeons. https://bulletin.facs.org/2018/03/baby-on-board-trauma-in-pregnancy/. Published 2018. Accessed November 3, 2020.
9. Kennedy GA, Shaw R, Just S, et al. Quantification of feto‐maternal haemorrhage (FMH) by flow cytometry: anti‐fetal haemoglobin labelling potentially underestimates massive FMH in comparison to labelling with anti‐D. Transfus Med . 2003;13(1):25-34.
10. Chen JC, Davis BH, Wood B, Warzynski MJ. Multicenter clinical experience with flow cytometric method for fetomaternal hemorrhage detection. Cytom J Int Soc Anal Cytol . 2002;50(6):285-290.
11. Patton WN, Nicholson GS, Sawers AH, Franklin IM, Ala FA, Simpson AW. Assessment of fetal-maternal haemorrhage in mothers with hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin. J Clin Pathol . 1990;43(9):728-731.
12. Dziegiel MH, Nielsen LK, Berkowicz A. Detecting fetomaternal hemorrhage by flow cytometry. Curr Opin Hematol . 2006;13(6):490-495.
13. Porra V, Bernaud J, Gueret P, Bricca P, Rigal D, Follea G, Blanchard D. Identification and quantification of fetal red blood cells in maternal blood by a dual‐color flow cytometric method: evaluation of the Fetal Cell Count kit. Transfusion . 2007;47(7):1281-1289.
14. Farias MG, Dal Bó S, Castro SM de, da Silva AR, Bonazzoni J, Scotti L, Costa SH. Flow cytometry in detection of fetal red blood cells and maternal F cells to identify fetomaternal hemorrhage. Fetal Pediatr Pathol . 2016;35(6):385-391.
15. Pelikan DM, Scherjon SA, Mesker WE, de Groot-Swings GM, Brouwer-Mandema GG, Tanke HJ, Kanhai HH. Quantification of fetomaternal hemorrhage: a comparative study of the manual and automated microscopic Kleihauer-Betke tests and flow cytometry in clinical samples. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2004;191(2):551-557.
16. Kush ML, Muench M V, Harman CR, Baschat AA. Persistent fetal hemoglobin in maternal circulation complicating the diagnosis of fetomaternal hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol . 2005;105(4):872-874.
17. Trivedi N, Ylagan M, Moore TR, Bansal V, Wolfson T, Fortlage D, Coimbra R, Kelly T. Predicting adverse outcomes following trauma in pregnancy. J Reprod Med . 2012;57(1-2):3.
18. Girard M, Marchand F, Uch R, Bretelle F. Trauma and pregnancy: Is the Kleihauer-Betke test really useful? Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol . 2017;45(11):584.
19. American College of Surgeons. ATLS® : Advanced Trauma Life Support Student Course Manual . 10th ed. Chicago, Ill; 2018.
20. ACOG educational bulletin. Obstetric aspects of trauma management. Number 251, September 1998. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999 Jan;64(1):87-94..
21. Uriel M, Subira D, Plaza J, Castañón S, Cañamares M, Recasens JD. Identification of feto-maternal haemorrhage around labour using flow cytometry immunophenotyping. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol . 2010;151(1):20-25.
22. Einav S, Sela HY, Weiniger CF. Management and outcomes of trauma during pregnancy. Anesthesiol Clin . 2013;31(1):141-156.
23. Sela HY, Einav S. Injury in motor vehicle accidents during pregnancy: a pregnant issue. Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol . 2011;6(1):69-84.
24. Sebring ES, Polesky HF. Fetomaternal hemorrhage: incidence, risk factors, time of occurrence, and clinical effects. Transfusion . 1990;30(4):344-357.
25. Moya FR, Perez A, Reece EA. Severe fetomaternal hemorrhage. A report of four cases. J Reprod Med . 1987;32(3):243.
26. Kosasa TS, Ebesugawa I, Nakayama RT, Hale RW. Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage preceded by decreased fetal movement and a nonreactive fetal heart rate pattern. Obstet Gynecol . 1993;82(4 Pt 2 Suppl):711-714.
27. Zizka Z, Calda P, Zlatohlavkova B, Haakova L, Cerna M, Jirasek JE, Fait T, Hajek Z, Kvasnicka J. Massive fetomaternal transplacental hemorrhage as a perinatology problem, role of AB0 fetomaternal compatibility-case studies. Med Sci Monit . 2001;7(2):308-311.
28. Akanli LF, Cohen-Addad NE, Malabanan N V, Margono F, Krilov MA. Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage. Am J Perinatol . 1997;14(05):271-273.
29. de ALMEIDA V, BOWMAN JM. Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage: Manitoba experience. Obstet Gynecol . 1994;83(3):323-328.
30. Pearlman MD, Tintinallli JE, Lorenz RP. A prospective controlled study of outcome after trauma during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1990;162(6):1502-1510.
31. Dupre AR, Morrison JC, Martin Jr JN, Floyd RC, Blake PG. Clinical application of the Kleihauer-Betke test. J Reprod Med . 1993;38(8):621-624.
32. Murphy NJ, Quinlan JD. Trauma in pregnancy: assessment, management, and prevention. Am Fam Physician . 2014;90(10):717-722.
33. American College of Surgeons. Trauma in pregnancy and intimate partner violence. In: Advanced Trauma Life Support Student Course Manual . 9th ed. Chicago, Ill; 2012.
34. Dahmus MA, Sibai BM. Blunt abdominal trauma : Are there any predictive factors for abruptio placentae or maternal-fetal distress ?Am J Obstet Gynecol . 169(4):1054-1059. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(93)90053-L
35. Muench MV, Baschat AA, Reddy UM, Mighty HE, Weiner CP, Scalea TM, Harman CR. Kleihauer-Betke testing is important in all cases of maternal trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg . 2004;57(5):1094-1098.
36. Goodwin TM, Breen MT. Pregnancy outcome and fetomaternal hemorrhage after noncatastrophic trauma. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1990;162(3):665-671.
37. Girard M, Marchand F, Uch R, Bretelle F. ScienceDirect Traumatisme et grossesse : le test de Kleihauer est-il vraiment utile ? Trauma and pregnancy : Is the Kleihauer-Betke test really useful ? Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol . 2017:6-11. doi:10.1016/j.gofs.2017.08.009
38. Dhanraj D, Lambers D. The incidences of positive Kleihauer-Betke test in low-risk pregnancies and maternal trauma patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2004;190(5):1461-1463.
39. Lebrun B, Jacquemyn Y. Usefulness of maternal fetal red blood cell count in rhesus-positive pregnant women. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig . 2018;35(3). doi:10.1515/hmbci-2018-0028
40. Karafin MS, Glisch C, Souers RJ, Hudgins J, Park YA, Ramsey GE, Lockhart E, Pagano MB; College of American Pathologists Transfusion, Apheresis, and Cellular Therapy Committee. Use of Fetal Hemoglobin Quantitation for Rh-Positive Pregnant Females: A National Survey and Review of the Literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med . 2019;143(12):1539-1544.
41. Cahill AG, Bastek JA, Stamilio DM, Odibo AO, Stevens E, Macones GA. Minor trauma in pregnancy—is the evaluation unwarranted? Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2008;198(2):208-e1.
42. Balderston KD, Towers C V, Rumney PJ, Montgomery D. Is the incidence of fetal-to-maternal hemorrhage increased in patients with third-trimester bleeding? Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2003;188(6):1615-1621.
Table 1: