References
1. Vanderver A, Prust M, Tonduti D, et al. Case definition and
classification of leukodystrophies and leukoencephalopathies. Mol Genet
Metab. 2015;114(4):494-500.
2. Caplan LR. Binswanger’s disease–revisited. Neurology.
1995;45(4):626-33.
3. Loeb, C. Binswanger’s disease is not a single entity. Neurol Sci.
2000;21:343–348.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s1007200700484. Ropper AH, Adams RD, Victor M, Brown RH, Victor M. Adams and Victor’s
Principles of Neurology 8th edition. New York:
McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division, 2005:831-832.
5. Huisa BN, Rosenberg GA. Binswanger’s disease: toward a diagnosis
agreement and therapeutic approach. Expert Rev Neurother.
2014;14(10):1203-13.
6. Barry Erhardt E, Pesko JC, Prestopnik J, Thompson J, Caprihan A,
Rosenberg GA. Biomarkers identify the Binswanger type of vascular
cognitive impairment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2019;39(8):1602-1612.
7. Miller Fisher, C. Binswanger’s encephalopathy: a review. J Neurol.
1989;236 :65–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00314400
8. Opriș L. Imagistica cerebrală prin Rezonanță Magnetică [Brain MRI
imaging]. Timișoara: Solness, 2004:253-257.
9. Salomon A, Yeates AE, Burger PC, Heinz ER. Subcortical
arteriosclerotic encephalopathy: brain stem findings with MR imaging.
Radiology. 1987;165(3):625-
10. Schiffmann R, Van der Knaap MS. Invited article: an MRI-based
approach to the diagnosis of white matter disorders. Neurology.
2009;72(8):750-9.
11. Berger JR, Aksamit AJ, Clifford DB, et al. PML diagnostic criteria:
consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section.
Neurology.
2013;80(15):1430-31.
12. Misbah SA. Progressive multi-focal leucoencephalopathy - driven from
rarity to clinical mainstream by iatrogenic immunodeficiency. Clin Exp
Immunol. 2017 Jun.; 188(3):342-352.
13. Berlit P, Kraemer M. Cerebral vasculitis in adults: what are the
steps in order to establish the diagnosis? Red flags and pitfalls. Clin
Exp Immunol. 2014;175(3):419-424
14. Beuker C, Schmidt A, Strunk D, et al. Primary angiitis of the
central nervous system: diagnosis and treatment. Ther Adv Neurol Disord.
2018;11:1756286418785071.
15. Keogh CF, Andrews GT, Spacey SD et-al. Neuroimaging features of
heroin inhalation toxicity: ”chasing the dragon”. AJR Am J Roentgenol.
2003;180 (3): 847-850.
16. Kaufman MJ. Brain imaging in substance abuse : Research, Clinical,
and Forensic Applications (Forensic Science and Medicine). 2001, Humana
Press.
17. Filley CM, Halliday W, Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK. The Effects of
Toluene on the Central Nervous System, Journal of Neuropathology &
Experimental Neurology. 2004;63(1):1–12.
18. Haziot MEJ, Barbosa SP jr, Vidal JE, De Oliveira FTM, De Oliveira
ACP.
Neuroimaging of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Dement
Neuropsychol. 2015;9(4):380-384.
19. Cocozza S, Russo C, Pontillo G, Pisani A, Brunetti A. Neuroimaging
in Fabry disease: current knowledge and future directions. Insights
Imaging. 2018;9(6):10771088.
20. Mehta A, Widmer U. Natural history of Fabry disease. In: Mehta A,
Beck M, Sunder-Plassmann G, editors. Fabry Disease: Perspectives from 5
Years of FOS.
Oxford: Oxford PharmaGenesis; 2006. Chapter 19. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11572/
21. Iadecola C. The pathobiology of vascular dementia. Neuron
2013;80(4):844-66
22. Rosenberg GA. Matrix Metalloproteinase-Mediated Neuroinflammation in
Vascular Cognitive Impairment of the Binswanger Type. Cell Mol
Neurobiol. 2016;36(2):195-202.
23. Huisa BN, Caprihan A, Thompson J, Prestopnik J, Qualls CR, Rosenberg
GA. Long-Term Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Changes in Binswanger
Disease. Stroke. 2015;46(9):2413-8.
24. Llorens, F, Hermann P, Villar-Piqué A, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid
lipocalin 2 as a novel biomarker for the differential diagnosis of
vascular dementia. Nat Commun 11, 619 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14373-2
Figure 1. A) Axial cross-section at the level of the body of
lateral ventricles. B) Axial cross-section of the basal ganglia. C)
Axial cross-section of the midbrain. D) Axial cross-section of the pons
E) Axial cross section of the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata