REFERENCES:
1. Xanthopoulos A, Triposkiadis F, Starling RC. Care for patients with ventricular assist devices and suspected COVID-19 infection. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020 Jun;22(6):937-940.
2. Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention . The Epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID‐19) in China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41(2):145‐151.
3. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 in the New York city area. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052‐2059.
4. Clerkin K.J., Fried J.A., Raikhelkar J. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2020;141:1648–1655.
5. Zhou F., Yu T., Du R. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1054–1062.
6. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, Guan L, Wei Y, Li H, Wu X, Xu J, Tu S, Zhang Y, Chen H, Cao B. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1054-1062.
7. Guzik TJ, Mohiddin SA, Dimarco A, et al. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(10):1666-1687.
8. Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Chin J Epidemiol 2020;41:145–151.
9. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, Müller MA, Drosten C, Pöhlmann S. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):271-280.
10. Bairey Merz CN, Pepine CJ, Shimokawa H, Berry C. Treatment of coronary microvascular dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res. 2020 Mar 1;116(4):856-870.
11. Murphy S.P., Kakkar R., McCarthy C.P., Januzzi J.L. Inflammation in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:1324–1340.
12. Xiong TY, Redwood S, Prendergast B, Chen M. Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: acute and long-term implications. Eur Heart J. 2020 May 14;41(19):1798-1800.
13. Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, Chuich T, Laracy J, Biondi-Zoccai G, Brown TS, Der Nigoghossian C, Zidar DA, Haythe J, Brodie D, Beckman JA, Kirtane AJ, Stone GW, Krumholz HM, Parikh SA. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 May 12;75(18):2352-2371.
14. Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, Vardeny O. Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Cardiovascular System: A Review. JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Jul 1;5(7):831-840.
15. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):802–810.
16. Moloney E.D., Evans T.W. Pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment of pulmonary hypertension in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J. 2003;21:720–727.
17. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020 Mar 17;323(11):1061-1069.
18. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020;395:1054-62.
19. Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, Lokhandwala S, Riedo FX, Chong M, Lee M. Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020 Apr 28;323(16):1612-1614.
20. Moss N., Rakita V., Lala A. Hemodynamic response to exercise in patients supported by continuous flow left ventricular assist devices. J Am Coll Cardiol HF. 2020;8:291–301.
21. Lang C.C., Agostoni P., Mancini D.M. Prognostic significance and measurement of exercise-derived hemodynamic variables in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail. 2007;13:672–679.
22. Bikdeli B., Madhavan M.V., Jimenez D. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC  State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:2950–2973.
23. Poissy J, Goutay J, Caplan M, Parmentier E, Duburcq T, Lassalle F, Jeanpierre E, Rauch A, Labreuche J, Susen S; Lille ICU Haemostasis COVID-19 Group. Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With COVID-19: Awareness of an Increased Prevalence. Circulation. 2020 Jul 14;142(2):184-186.
24. 21. Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Guidelines for Adult Cardiac Failure [Internet]. Available at: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/IGD/Archive/FileManager/ e76ef78eabcusersshyerdocumentselsoguidelinesforadultcardiacfailure1.3. pdf. Accessed March 20, 2020.
25. Bartlett RH, Ogino MT, Brodie D, et al. Initial ELSO Guidance Document: ECMO for COVID-19 Patients with Severe Cardiopulmonary Failure. ASAIO J. 2020;66(5):472-474.
26. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Lippi G, Plebani M. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58:1131–1134.
27. Schmidt M, Burrell A, Roberts L, et al. Predicting survival after ECMO for refractory cardiogenic shock: the survival after veno-arterial-ECMO (SAVE)-score. Eur Heart J 2015;36:2246-56.
28. MacLaren G, Fisher D, Brodie D. Preparing for the Most Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: The Potential Role of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. JAMA. 2020 Apr 7;323(13):1245-1246.
29. Bassi GL, Suen J, Fraser J. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for 2019 novel coronavirus acute respiratory disease (ECMOCARD) Study [Internet]. Available at: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/Files/ ECMOCard/2019nCOv ECMO 03.17.20.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2020.
30. DeFilippis E.M., Farr M.A., Givertz M.M. Challenges in heart transplantation in the era of COVID-19. Circulation. 2020;141:2048–2051.
31. Kimball P.M., Flattery M., McDougan F., Kasirajan V. Cellular immunity impaired among patients on left ventricular assist device for 6 months. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:1656–1661.
32. Pagani FD. Right heart failure after left ventricular assist device placement: medical and surgical management considerations. Cardiol Clin 2020;38:227–238.
33. Cho SM, Hassett C, Rice CJ, Starling R, Katzan I, Uchino K. What causes LVAD‐associated ischemic stroke? Surgery, pump thrombosis, antithrombotics, and infection. ASAIO J 2019;65:775–780.
34. Gorodeski EZ, Goyal P, Cox ZL, Thibodeau JT, Reay R, Rasmusson K, Rogers JG, Starling RC. Virtual visits for care of patients with heart failure in the era of COVID‐19: a statement from the Heart Failure Society of America. J Card Fail 2020;26:448–456.
35. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, RS MI, Choo FN, Tran B, Ho R, Sharma VK, Ho C. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID‐19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun 2020;87:40–48.