REFERENCES
1. Lee H, Jang HC, Park HK, Cho NH. Early manifestation of cardiovascular disease risk factors in offspring of mothers with previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007;78:238-45.
2. Yu Y, Arah OA, Liew Z, Cnattingius S, Olsen J, Sørensen HT, et al. Maternal diabetes during pregnancy and early onset of cardiovascular disease in offspring: population based cohort study with 40 years of follow-up. BMJ 2019;367:l6398
3. Aguilera J, Semmler J, Coronel C, Georgiopoulos G, Simpson J, Nicolaides KH, et al. Paired maternal and fetal cardiac functional measurements in women with gestational diabetes mellitus at 35-36 weeks’ gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;9378:30467-1
4. Miranda JO, Cerqueira RJ, Ramalho C, Areias JC, Henriques-Coelho T. Fetal cardiac function in maternal diabetes: a conventional and speckle-tracking echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2018;31:333-41.
5. Patey O, Carvalho JS, Thilaganathan B. Perinatal changes in fetal cardiac geometry and function in diabetic pregnancy at term. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019;54:634-42.
6. Mehta S, Nuamah I, Kalhan S. Altered diastolic function in asymptomatic infants of mothers with gestational diabetes. Diabetes 1991;40:56-60.
7. Walker J. NICE guidance on diabetes in pregnancy: management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period. NICE clinical guideline 63. London, March 2008. Diabet Med 2008;25:1025-7.
8. Nicolaides K, Wright D, Syngelaki A, Wright A, Akolekar R. Fetal Medicine Foundation fetal and neonatal population weight charts. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018;52:44-51.
9. Lai WW, Geva T, Shirali GS, Frommelt PC, Humes RA, Brook MM, et al. Guidelines and standards for performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Task Force of the Pediatric Council of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006;19:1413-30.
10. Mohsin M, Sadqani S, Younus K, Hoodbhoy Z, Ashiqali S, Atiq M. Evaluation of cardiac function in fetuses of mothers with gestational diabetes. Cardiol Young 2019;29:1264-7.
11. Rolf N, Kerschke L, Braun J, Falkenberg MK, Hammer K, Köster HA, et al. Quantification of fetal myocardial function in pregnant women with diabetic diseases and in normal controls using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). J Perinat Med 2018;47:68-76.
12. Fouda UM, Abou ElKassem MM, Hefny SM, Fouda RM, Hashem AT. Role of fetal echocardiography in the evaluation of structure and function of fetal heart in diabetic pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26:571-5.
13. Hatém MAB, Zielinsky P, Hatém DM, Nicoloso LH, Manica JL, Piccoli AL, et al. Assessment of diastolic ventricular function in fetuses of diabetic mothers using tissue Doppler. Cardiology in the Young 2008;18:297-302.
14. DeVore GR, Polanco B, Satou G, Sklansky M. Two‐dimensional speckle tracking of the fetal heart: a practical step‐by‐step approach for the fetal sonologist. J Ultrasound Med 2016;35:1765-81.
15. Patey O, Carvalho JS, Thilaganathan B. Intervendor Discordance of Fetal and Neonatal Myocardial Tissue Doppler and Speckle-Tracking Measurements. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019;32:1339-49. e23.
16. Ghandi Y, Habibi D, Nasri K, Alinejad S, Taherahmad H, Arjmand Shabestari A, et al. Effect of well-controlled gestational diabetes on left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in neonates. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019;32:2101-6.
17. Zablah JE, Gruber D, Stoffels G, Cabezas EG, Hayes DA. Subclinical decrease in myocardial function in asymptomatic infants of diabetic mothers: A tissue Doppler study. Pediatr Cardiol 2017;38:801-6.
18. Touozaki T, Hiroe M, Hasumi M, Horie T, Hosoda S, Tsushima T, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I receptors in human cardiac myocytes and their relation to myocardial hypertrophy. Jpn Circ J 1993;57:1120-7.
19. Rowan JA, Hague WM, Gao W, Battin MR, Moore MP. Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2003-15.
20. Hanem LGE, Salvesen Ø, Juliusson PB, Carlsen SM, Nossum MCF, Vaage MØ, et al. Intrauterine metformin exposure and offspring cardiometabolic risk factors (PedMet study): a 5–10 year follow-up of the PregMet randomised controlled trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2019;3:166-74.
21. Panagiotopoulou O, Syngelaki A, Georgiopoulos G, Simpson J, Akolekar R, Shehata H, et al. Cardiometabolic Follow Up of the Offspring From the Metformin in Obese Non-Diabetic Pregnant (MOP) Women Trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 9378:30109-5.
22. Chen C, Gui YH, Ren YY, Shi LY. The impacts of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on fetal hearts. Biomed Environ Sci 2012;25:15-22.
23. Escobar J, Teramo K, Stefanovic V, Andersson S, Asensi MA, Arduini A, et al. Amniotic fluid oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers correlate with fetal chronic hypoxia in diabetic pregnancies. Neonatology 2013;103:193-8.
24. Levkau B, Schafers M, Wohlschlaeger J, von Wnuck Lipinski K, Keul P, Hermann S, et al. Survivin determines cardiac function by controlling total cardiomyocyte number. Circulation 2008;117:1583-93.
25. Song Q, An X, Li D, Sodha NR, Boodhwani M, Tian Y, et al. Hyperglycemia attenuates angiogenic capability of survivin in endothelial cells. Microvascular research 2009;78:257-64.
26. El-Osta A, Brasacchio D, Yao D, Pocai A, Jones PL, Roeder RG, et al. Transient high glucose causes persistent epigenetic changes and altered gene expression during subsequent normoglycemia. J Exp Med 2008;205:2409-17.