Early PPD N=250 Late PPD N=235 Controls N=2726 Early PPD vs Controls Early PPD vs Controls Late PPD vs Controls Late PPD vs Controls
N (%) N (%) N (%) aOR (95%CI)* P aOR (95%CI)* P P
Stressful events during pregnancy Stressful events during pregnancy Stressful events during pregnancy Stressful events during pregnancy
At least one stressful event with negative impact during pregnancy (Paykel scale) At least one stressful event with negative impact during pregnancy (Paykel scale) 154 (61.6) 153 (65.1) 1208 (44.3) 2.0 (1.5-2.6) <.001 2.3 (1.8-3.1) <.001 <.001
Obstetrical events before and during pregnancy Obstetrical events before and during pregnancy Obstetrical events before and during pregnancy Obstetrical events before and during pregnancy
Infertility Infertility 39 (15.6) 38 (16.2) 316 (11.6) 1.4 (1.0-2.1) .064 1.4 (1.0-2.1) .064 .064
Assisted reproductive technology Assisted reproductive technology 23 (9.2) 25 (10.6) 217 (8.0) 1.2 (0.7-1.8) .54 1.3 (0.9-2.1) 0.20 0.20
Physical concomitant chronic disease Physical concomitant chronic disease 49 (19.6) 37 (15.7) 356 (13.1) 1.6 (1.1-2.2) .006 1.2 (0.8-1.7) 0.32 0.32
Primiparity Primiparity 149 (59.6) 127 (54.0) 1567 (57.5) 1.1 (0.8-1.4) .49 0.9 (0.7-1.2) 0.38 0.38
Multiple pregnancy Multiple pregnancy 10 (4.0) 7 (3.0) 86 (3.2) 1.3 (0.6-2.5) .48 0.9 (0.4-2.0) 0.86 0.86
Emergency consultation during pregnancy Emergency consultation during pregnancy 134 (53.6) 133 (56.6) 1269 (46.6) 1.3 (1.0-1.7) .03 1.5 (1.2-2.0) .002 .002
Hospitalization during pregnancy Hospitalization during pregnancy 36 (14.4) 32 (13.6) 350 (12.9) 1.1 (0.8-1.6) .54 1.1 (0.7-1.6) .72 .72
Threatened preterm labor 13 (36.1) 9 (28.1) 111 (31.7) 1.2 (0.6-2.4) .65 0.9 (0.4-2.0) .74 .74
Hypertension during pregnancy 2 (6) 1 (3) 34 (9.7) 0.58 (0.09-2.05) .47 0.29 (0.02-1.4) .23 .23
Gestational diabetes 7 (19) 5 (2) 47 (13.4) 1.6 (0.61-3.87) .29 1.1 (0.35-2.9) .84 .84
Venous thromboembolic event 1 (3) 1 (3) 5 (1.4) 2.1 (0.11-14.08) .50 1.8 (0.08-13.3) .64 .64
Delivery events Delivery events Delivery events Delivery events
C-section delivery C-section delivery 67 (26.8) 64 (27.2) 660 (24.2) 1.1 (0.8-1.5) .48 1.2 (0.9-1.6) .30 .30
No obstetrical analgesia despite intention No obstetrical analgesia despite intention 40 (88.9) 48 (94.1) 411 (89.3) 0.9 (0.3-2.5) .86 1.9 (0.6-6.4) .30 .30
Perineal trauma Perineal trauma
None or minor perineal tear None or minor perineal tear
47 (25.7)
58 (33.9)
665 (32.2)
1 (ref)
1 (ref)
Episiotomy Episiotomy
60 (32.8)
54 (31.6)
648 (31.4)
1.4 (0.9-2.1)
.10
0.9 (0.6-1.4)
.77
.77
Perineal trauma (≥ 2-degree perineal tear) Perineal trauma (≥ 2-degree perineal tear)
76 (41.5)
59 (34.5)
750 (36.4)
1.5 (1.0-2.3)
.028
0.9 (0.6-1.3)
.51
.51
Newborn related events (preterm, small for gestational age, NICU) Newborn related events (preterm, small for gestational age, NICU) 28 (11.2) 22 (9.4) 250 (9.2) 1.2 (0.8-1.9) .34 1.0 (0.7-1.6) .89 .89
Early maternal postpartum events (hemorrhage, ICU) Early maternal postpartum events (hemorrhage, ICU) 10 (4.0) 19 (8.1) 144 (5.3) 0.7 (0.4-1.4) .38 1.6 (0.9-2.6) .08 .08