No GI Complication GI Complication P-Value
N=10,039 N=246
Age, years, mean (SD) 66.79 (11.22) 71.30 (10.73) <0.001
Female 3,065 (30.5%) 66 (26.8%) 0.21
Race
White 9,381 (93.4%) 228 (92.7%) 0.63
Black 446 (4.4%) 13 (5.3%) 0.53
Asian 87 (0.9%) 2 (0.8%) 0.93
Procedure <0.001
CABG 6314 (62.9%) 127 (51.6%)
MV repair 489 (4.9%) 11 (4.5%)
MV replacement 207 (2.1%) 9 (3.7%)
AV replacement 1544 (15.4%) 30 (12.2%)
CABG + AV replacement 1066 (10.6%) 43 (17.5%)
CABG + MV replacement 96 (1.0%) 8 (3.3%)
CABG + MV repair 323 (3.2%) 18 (7.3%)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2,198 (21.9%) 72 (29.3%) 0.006
Dyslipidemia 8,411 (83.8%) 201 (81.7%) 0.38
Hypertension 8,624 (85.9%) 218 (88.6%) 0.23
Atrial fibrillation 1,224 (12.2%) 47 (19.1%) 0.001
Congestive heart failure 2,297 (22.9%) 111 (45.1%) <0.001
Previous myocardial infarction 5,010 (49.9%) 154 (62.6%) <0.001
NYHA Class symptoms
I 69 (2.8%) 3 (2.6%) 0.004
II 513 (20.6%) 11 (9.5%)
III 1,159 (46.5%) 51 (44.0%)
IV 694 (27.9%) 49 (42.2%)
Preoperative anticoagulation 14 (0.1%) 0 (0.0%) 0.56
Intravenous inotropes 192 (1.9%) 14 (5.7%) <0.001
Number of diseased coronary vessels
0 1,549 (15.6%) 33 (13.6%) 0.077
1 863 (8.7%) 18 (7.4%)
2 1,876 (18.9%) 34 (14.0%)
3 5,653 (56.9%) 158 (65.0%)
Left main disease 1,007 (21.0%) 39 (28.9%) 0.027
Left ventricular EF, %, mean (SD) 51.51 (12.48) 47.81(15.44) <0.001
Operative status
Elective 4,561 (45.4%) 84 (34.1%) <0.001
Urgent 5,098 (50.8%) 136 (55.3%)
Emergent 372 (3.7%) 25 (10.2%)
Emergent salvage 8 (0.1%) 1 (0.4%)
Cross-clamp time, minutes, mean (SD) 82.15 (35.54) 93.04 (40.69) <0.001
Preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump 477 (4.8%) 28 (11.4%) <0.001
Serum creatinine, mg/dL, mean (SD) 1.16 (1.01) 1.48 (1.32) <0.001
Total albumin, g/dL, mean (SD) 3.64 (0.46) 3.46 (0.51) <0.001
Immunosuppression 548 (5.5%) 22 (8.9%) 0.018
Liver disease 612 (6.8%) 28 (14.4%) <0.001
Mediastinal radiation 174 (1.9%) 6 (3.1%) 0.25
History of cancer 613 (6.8%) 22 (11.3%) 0.014
Peripheral vascular disease 1,922 (19.1%) 70 (28.5%) <0.001
Cerebrovascular disease 2,192 (21.8%) 78 (31.7%) <0.001
Prior transient ischemic attack 700 (31.4%) 22 (27.5%) 0.46
Total bilirubin, mg/dL, mean (SD) 0.69 (0.39) 0.76 (0.46) 0.012
MELD score, mean (SD) 8.83 (3.12) 11.15 (4.45) <0.001
Brain natriuretic peptide, pg/mL, mean (SD) 682 (1,126) 2,602 (10,700) <0.001
Current smoker 974 (20.9%) 20 (15.5%) 0.14
Prior PCI 3,302 (32.9%) 99 (40.2%) 0.015
Prior CABG 498 (5.0%) 16 (6.5%) 0.27
Prior valve replacement/repair 158 (1.6%) 2 (0.8%) 0.34
STS risk of mortality, mean (SD) 3.10 (4.88) 7.41 (8.54) <0.001