References:
1. Ilankoon IMPS, Goonewardena CSE, Fernandopulle R, Perera PPR. Women’s understanding and cultural practices related to vaginal discharge: A qualitative study. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2018;7(2):74–80.
2. Neal CM, Kus LH, Eckert LO, Peipert JF. Noncandidal vaginitis: a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(2):114–22.
3. Margarita V, Fiori PL, Rappelli P. Impact of Symbiosis Between Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis on Vaginal Dysbiosis: A Mini Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:179.
4. Peelen MJ, Luef BM, Lamont RF, de Milliano I, Jensen JS, Limpens J, et al. The influence of the vaginal microbiota on preterm birth: A systematic review and recommendations for a minimum dataset for future research. Placenta. 2019;79(30–39).
5. Reichman O, Gal M, Leibovici V, Samueloff A. Evaluation of Vaginal Complaints During Pregnancy: the Approach to Diagnosis. Curr Derm Rep. 2014;3(3):159–64. DOI: 10.1007/s13671-014-0083-0
6. Abdul-Aziz M, Mahdy MAK, Abdul-Ghani R, Alhilali NA, Al-Mujahed LKA, Alabsi SA, et al. Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and trichomonal vaginitis among reproductive-aged women seeking primary healthcare in Sana’a city, Yemen. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):879. DOI:10.1186/s12879-019-4549-3
7. Dilrukshi GN, Kottahachchi J, Dissanayake DMBT, Pathiraja RP, Karunasingha J, Sampath MKA, et al. Group B Streptococcus colonisation and their antimicrobial susceptibility among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in tertiary care hospitals in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2020 16 (Published online:1–6. DOI:10.1080/01443615.2020.1716313
8. Vieira-Baptista P, Bornstein J. Candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis and other vaginal conditions affecting the vulva. In: Bornstein J, editor. Vulvar Disease. Cham: Springer; 2019. p. 167–205. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61621-6_24
9. Bradford LL, Ravel J. The vaginal mycobiome: A contemporary perspective on fungi in women’s health and diseases. Virulence. 2017;8(3):342–51. DOI:10.1080/21505594.2016.1237332
10. Nelson M, Wanjiru W, Margaret MW. Prevalence of vaginal candidiasis and determination of the occurrence of Candida species in pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Thika District Hospital, Kenya. Open J Med Microbiol. 2013;3(4):41031.
11. Tellapragada C, Eshwara VK, Bhat P, Kamath A, Aletty S, Mukhopadhyay C. Screening of vulvovaginal infections during pregnancy in resource constrained settings: Implications on preterm delivery. J Infect Public Health. 2017;10(4):431–7.
12. Parveen N, Munir AA, Din I, Majeed R. Frequency of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women attending routine antenatal clinic. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2008;18(3):154–7.
13. Saleem B, Jeelani SF, Sher SJ. Frequency of vaginal candidiasis in symptomatic pregnant women attending routine antenatal clinic. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;10(3):770–2.
14. Munir SI, Waheed K, Khanum A, Iqbal R, Eusaph AZ, Hanif A. Frequency of group B streptococci in pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2016;26(1):27–30.
15. Van Der Pol B. Clinical and Laboratory Testing for Trichomonas vaginalis Infection. Kraft CS, editor. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(1):7-12.
16. Kelly KG. Chapter 179.Tests on Vaginal Discharge. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. pp.833-835.
17. Harstall C, Corabian P. Diagnostic tests for vaginosis/vaginitis [Internet]. Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research; 1998. Available from: https://www.ihe.ca/download/diagnostic_tests_for_vaginosis_vaginitis.pdf
18. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Chen KCS, Eschenbach D, Holmes KK. Nonspecific vaginitis: Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med. 1983;74(1):14–22. DOI:10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9
19. Mohammadzadeh F, Dolatian M, Jorjani M, Alavi Majd H. Diagnostic value of Amsel’s clinical criteria for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Glob J Health Sci. 2014;7(3):8–14. DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n3p8
20. IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.; 2015.
21. Kalia N, Singh J, Kaur M. Microbiota in vaginal health and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal infections: a critical review. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2020;19(1):5 (2020). DOI:10.1186/s12941-020-0347-4
22. Obiero J, Rulisa S, Ogongo P, Wiysonge CS. Nifuratel‐Nystatin combination for the treatment of mixed infections of bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomonal vaginitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(4):CD013012.
23. Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Economc Survey 2018-19. Islamabad: Ministry of Finance; 2019.
24. Nnadi DC, Singh S. The prevalence of genital Candida species among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in a tertiary health center in North-west Nigeria. Sahel Med J. 2017;20(1):33–7.
25. Abdelaziz ZA, Ibrahim ME, Bilal NE, Hamid ME. Vaginal infections among pregnant women at Omdurman Maternity Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(4):490–7.
26. Işik G, Demirezen Ş, Dönmez HG, Beksaç MS. Bacterial vaginosis in association with spontaneous abortion and recurrent pregnancy losses. J Cytol. 2016;33(3):135–40.
Table 1 Demographic and gestational characteristics (N=85)