Treatment failure
A total of 33 studies enrolling 3994 neonates with 678 events in the network were analysed (Figure 2, Table 2). Both NIPPV and BiPAP were associated with lesser risk of treatment failure when compared to HFNC [0.42 (0.30, 0.63) and 0.53 (0.35, 0.81), respectively] and CPAP [0.56 (0.44, 0.71) and 0.69 (0.51, 0.93) respectively] (Figure 3, Table 3) . The SUCRA for NIPPV, BiPAP, CPAP and HFNC were 0.96, 0.70, 0.32 and 0.01 respectively. (Figure 4) . Meta-regression showed a trend similar to the outcome of mechanical ventilation. (E-Figure 6) .