Study patients
Nasal biopsy specimens were recruited from the Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; the Department of Otolaryngology, National University Hospital of Singapore; and the Department of Otolaryngology, Second Hospital of Shandong University. 70 CRSwNP patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery were recruited. CRSwNP diagnoses were made according to the current European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps (EPOS 2020)22. 25 control subjects did not have a history of sinonasal inflammation and inferior turbinate (IT) tissues were taken from patients who underwent septal plastic surgery. The ethics approval was obtained from the institutional review boards of the participating hospitals in China (2019124) and National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board of Singapore (DSRB D/11/228 and IRB 13–509). All participants gave informed consent to participate in the study. The clinical characteristics of the study subjects were shown inTable 1 .