Primary Implantation Failure
Primary implantation failure was defined as the presence of an obvious
malposition or instability after valve release before closing the
aortotomy, or as a more-than-trivial paravalvular leak after the aorta
was unclamped.
In case of implantation failure, the surgeon could (i) reposition the
same valve after re-collapsing (off-label maneuver), possibly completed
by SCAP, (ii) use a different size of Perceval-S prosthesis, or (iii)
switch to a sutured bioprosthesis.