2.2. Land use selection
FL was selected as control treatment and other LU (BL/CL/GL/HL/PL) was taken as other treatments for this study. FL covered all types of situations existence like open to dense forest, single species tree cover to several species tree cover, Himalayan to plain forest and low aged to high aged trees. BL was considered with no vegetations either naturally developed or developed due to anthropogenic activities. CL was considered for all the type of crops and cropping systems either grown in Himalayan valleys or plain from northern to southern part and western to eastern part. Natural GL was used with no specific grasses grown in the areas. HL includes orchards and agroforestry whereas PL includes mainly arecanut plantation, coffee plantation, mango plantation, oil palm plantation, orange plantation, pine plantation and teak plantation.