Contribution statement:
SECTIONS
CONTRIBUTORS
MAIN TEXT
Abstract
AP, MCT, SK, EJJ, PW
1. Introduction
AP, MCT, UR, LC, GN, SK
2. Allergy: Current and emerging biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches
AP, MME, UR, UJ, DEF, MPa ,EI, SK, LV, EJJ
2.1. Immune dysregulation
DEF, UJ, MPa
2.2. Current and emerging biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment
UJ, MME, UR, EI, LV, DEF, Mpa, EJJ
2.2.1. Clinically-used biomarkers
2.2.2. Emerging cellular markers
2.2.3. Emerging type-2 cytokines and proteins
2.2.4. Emerging genetic and molecular omics markers
MME, UR, UJ
2.3.Therapeutic approaches
ChB, UJ, MPa, LV
3. Glioma: Updated classification, immune biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches
PW
3.1. Diagnosis and classification
PW, AP
3.2. Immune response and biomarkers
MPr, SN
3.3. Immune-therapeutic approaches
MW
4. Epidemiological, clinical and pre-clinical studies of allergy and glioma
MCT, AMC, AP, SK
4.1. Studies of allergy and glioma risk
MCT, AMC, AP, SK
4.2. Studies of allergy and glioma prognosis
AMC, AP, SK, MCT
4.3 Pre-clinical studies of allergy and glioma
AP
5. Future research in AllergoOncology
All authors
6. Conclusion
All authors
REFERENCES
FIGURES
Figure 1: Proposed hypotheses of associations between allergic disorders and cancer development and progression within the concept of immunosurveillance and immunoediting.
AP, NRU
Figure 2: Overview of allergic inflammation: cellular and molecular mechanisms
AP
Figure 3: WHO classification of gliomas over time
PW, RT
Figure 4: The border-associated immune compartments of the brain
AP, FLH
Figure 5: Allergic inflammation modulation of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis.
AP
Figure 6: Future research in AllergoOncology
AP
BOXES
Box 1: Allergic inflammation and brain physiology
AP, FLH
Box 2: Research questions for new studies in allergy and glioma risk, prognosis, and treatment
AP, MCT, EJJ, SNK
TABLES
Table 1: Selected biomarkers and individual demographics to study links between allergic diseases and gliomas
All
Table 2: Biological drugs targeting molecules relevant for atopic / allergic disease pathomechanisms
UJ, ChB
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
METHODS
AP
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1: WHO classification of gliomas in 2007 (4th edition), 2016 (revised 4th edition) and 2021 (5th edition)
PW
Short title:
Stratifying AllergoOncology Research in Glioma
Key words: Atopy, Brain cancer, Epidemiology, IgE, NeuroImmunology
Abbreviations:
AAI: Allergic airway inflammation
AEC: Absolute eosinophil count
AD: Atopic dermatitis
AIT: Allergen-specific immunotherapy
AR: Allergic rhinitis
BBB: Blood brain barrier
BRAF: B-raf proto-oncogene
CCL11: Eotaxins
CCL22: CC-chemokine ligand-22
CDKN2A/B: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B
CNS: Central nervous system
CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid
CSF-1: Colony stimulating factor 1
DHR: Drug hypersensitivity reactions
EGFR: Epithelial growth factor receptor
EoE: Eosinophilic esophagitis
FeNO: Fractional excretion of nitric oxide
FLG: Filaggrin
ICS: Inhaled corticosteroids
IDH1/2: Isocitrate dehydrogenase gene 1/2
ILC2: Type-2-innate lymphoid cells
LGG: Low grade glioma
LTB4: Leukotriene B4
MAT: Mast cell activation tests
MCs: Mast Cells
MGMT: O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase
miRNAs: MicroRNAs
MRGPRX2: MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2
NFκB: Nuclear factor 'kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B cell
NTRK : Neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase
OIT: Oral immunotherapy
ORMDL3: ORMDL sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator 3
PD-1/PD-L1: Programmed cell death (PD)-1 / PD ligand 1
pMAT: Passive MC activation testing
RCTs: Randomized controlled trials
sIgE: Allergen-specific IgE
SLC40A1: Solute carrier family-40 member-1
SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism
T2: Type-2
TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase
TGF-b: Transforming growth factor beta
tIgE: Total serum IgE
TSLP: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin
VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor