DNA extraction
Total genomic DNA was isolated using Qiagen QIAamp DNA Mini Kits
(Qiagen, Valencia, CA) in a lab designated for degraded and ancient DNA,
while DNA from the single tissue sample was processed in a designated,
high quality DNA facility using Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit
(Qiagen, Valencia, CA), following the standard protocol for animal
tissue samples. DNA was eluted in buffer AE in a volume of 100 ul for
all museum specimens and 200 ul for the tissue sample. The degraded DNA
laboratory included additional steps of placing a blank extraction
control for minimally every 12 samples, bleaching, exposing both plastic
consumables and pipettes to ultraviolet radiation, routine changing of
gloves, and processing of samples under a hood in order to prevent
contamination during DNA extraction.