Introduction
Bullying is defined as a set of intentional, repetitive, and practiced
aggressions in an unequal power relationship between victims and
aggressors [1]. The term is classified into subtypes as physical;
verbal; moral, social or psychological; material; and cyberbullying. It
can be manifested in three ways, direct, indirect, or cyberbullying
[2]. According to UNICEF, half of the adolescents worldwide are
victims of violence in the school environment. Given its importance, it
is essential to understand how students and teachers face and understand
the phenomenon of bullying to develop and judge prevention strategies
appropriate to the reality of the community. Among the risk factors for
the manifestation of bullying, there are the psychological and social
spheres, which are based on school hierarchies and the absence or
presence of an authoritarian personality, as well as responsibility
[3].
One can cite feelings of helplessness, apathy, prejudice, and formation
of groups whose interest is to affect, in some way, the self-esteem of
the colleague. Also, there is an absence of solidary values, anxiety,
revolt, self-guilt, individualism, and competitive ethics [4]. Also,
it contributes to victimization, feeling lonely, not having friends,
having insomnia, missing classes, suffering physical violence in the
family, and having a mother with low education [5]. According to the
IBGE National School Health Survey, approximately 15% of ninth-grade
students have already left school, at least one day, in the 30 days
before the survey, because they feel insecure on the way between home
and school [5].
The consequences can cause psychological symptoms, such as school
failure, anxiety, insecurity, and low self-esteem [6]. Also,
children who suffered bullying practices had nocturnal enuresis,
difficulty sleeping, headache, abdominal pain, hyperventilation,
anorexia, and bulimia [7]. Also, those children who bullied and
promoted bullying were also psychologically disturbed, which included
depression in primary school [6]. Through this, it can be said that
the prevention of bullying corroborates the Federal Constitution of 1988
which ensures education as a right of all, aiming at the full
development of the human person, which is fundamental for the exercise
of their citizenship.
Law No. 13,185 of November 6, 2015, instituted the Program to Combat
Systematic Intimidation (Bullying) [8]. Among the objectives of the
law is to prevent and combat the practice of systematic intimidation
throughout society; training teachers and pedagogical teams to implement
discussion, prevention, guidance, and problem-solving actions;
psychological, social and legal assistance to victims and aggressors;
avoiding, as much as possible, the punishment of aggressors, favoring
alternative mechanisms and instruments that promote effective
accountability and the change of hostile behavior [9]. Also, the
Health at School Program (PSE), instituted by Presidential Decree No.
6,286 of December 5, 2007, results from the integrated work between the
Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, to expand specific
health actions to public school students, seeking the integration of
health and education for health promotion, prevention and care
[10,11]. This enables integration between medical students at the
Centro Universitário de Votuporanga and students from CEM Professor
Clary Brandao Bertoncini.
Children’s socialization consists of a process in which they learn and
assume social norms and values through interaction with their
surroundings. It is at that moment that they absorb, without question,
the influences with which they come into contact [12]. Thus, it is
essential to approach bullying and its effects at this time in life.
The dynamics were intended to encourage empathy and harmony, being
fundamental for preventing violence in the school environment, aiming at
preventing acts of aggression by bullying, as this can cause risks to
them, as they feel rejected and excluded from the environment. the
school they live in. Through them, information was obtained on the
number of aggressors and victims, the place where such aggression occurs
most, male or female predominance, the age at which the actions were
initiated and the types of aggressions, which may be physical, verbal,
cyberbullying and writing, occurring directly or indirectly.