Preoperative
Preoperative procedures included optimizing the patient’s condition.
Medically stable patients were released and readmitted electively. All
blood thinners were withheld before operation: enoxaparin sodium for at
least 24 hours, rivaroxaban and apixaban for at least 3 days, and
antiplatelet drugs (clopidogrel and ticagrelor) for 5 to 7 days.
Erythropoietin was administered if hematocrit was <30%,
especially in patients with renal failure whose surgery could be
scheduled electively.