Antioxidant activity of Lactobacillus
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is challenged with oxidative stress induced by a wide array of factors, such as exogenous pathogenic microorganisms and dietary aspects. Redox signaling plays a critical role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the GI tract93. The redox mechanisms of Lactobacillus  spp. are involved in the downregulation of ROS-forming enzymes,94,95 and redox stress resistance proteins or genes differ largely between LAB species. In addition, Nrf-2 and NF-κB are two common transcription factors, through which Lactobacillus  spp. also modulates oxidative stress. 96