Methods
Tsetse from a colony of G. m. morsitans maintained at LSTM were used for the experiments. The colony was originally established using pupae from Zimbabwe and has been maintained at LSTM since 2004. The colony was kept at 26°C (± 2 °C), 68–76% relative humidity and a 12 h photoperiod. Flies were fed on a Monday, Wednesday and Friday on defibrinated horse blood (TSC Bioscience) which comprises 40–50% red blood cells.