2.1 Sample collection and nucleic acid extraction
A total of 59 fecal swabs were collected from dogs in Vietnam residing
in Hanoi (n = 19), Da Nang (n = 16), and Ho Chi Minh (n = 24) cities
during July 2017 to August 2018. Samples were primarily tested for
parvovirus and coronavirus infection using the rapid ELISA testkit
(Bionote, South Korea). Essential information of the animals, including
sex, age, breed, and vaccination status was also recorded (Supplementary
Table S2). The swab was immersed in 0.5 mL sterile phosphate buffer
saline pH 7.4 and stored at -80 0C until used. Viral
DNA was extracted using a viral DNA/RNA extraction kit II (Geneaid
Biotech, Taiwan) following the manufacturer’s recommendations.