Central Venous Cannulation and Arterial Line placement
Frequency of central venous cannulation (CVC) was assessed, with 11 individuals performing over 25 cases in the last year, 6 performing between 0 and 5, and 3 performing between 6 and 10 as well as between 11 and 25 cases (Table 2) . Twelve trainees reported that they were taught CVC placement from a senior resident, and the rest were taught by an attending (52.2% vs 47.8%). There was a significant increase in the standardization of CVC placement (4.17 vs 4.74, p=0.008) as well as trainee confidence to successfully place an CVC (4.3 vs 4.70, p=0.046) (Figure 1) . Thirteen trainees had performed over 25 radial arterial lines and 12 trainees had performed over 25 femoral lines. The rest of the trainees were similarly distributed with 4 individuals having between 0 and 5 radial and femoral lines, 3 trainees having between 6 and 10 radial lines while 4 had between 6 and 10 femoral line placements. Three trainees had between 11 and 25 radial and femoral line placements. The instructors for arterial line placements were evenly split, with 13 trainees being taught by a senior resident and 13 being taught by an attending. There was a significant increase after the course in the Likert scores for standardization of arterial line placement (4.09 vs 4.63, p=0.01) as well as the residents perceived ability to place an arterial line (4.22 vs 4.68, p=0.02).