References
1. Miller AE, Morgan C, Vyankandondera J. Causes of puerperal and
neonatal sepsis in resource-constrained settings and advocacy for an
integrated community-based postnatal approach. Int J Gynecol Obstet
[Internet]. 2013;123(1):10–5. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.06.006
2. Ngonzi J, Bebell LM, Fajardo Y, Boatin AA, Siedner MJ, Bassett I V.,
et al. Incidence of postpartum infection, outcomes and associated risk
factors at Mbarara regional referral hospital in Uganda. BMC Pregnancy
Childbirth. 2018;18(1):1–11.
3. Suetens C, Hopkins S, Kolman J, Hogberg LD. Point prevalence survey
of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European
acute care hospitals. 2012.
4. Nejad SB, Allegranzi B, Syed SB, Ellisc B, Pittetd D. Infections
liées aux soins de santé en afrique: Une étude systématique. Bull World
Health Organ. 2011;89(10):757–65.
5. Harrison MS, Goldenberg RL. Cesarean section in sub-Saharan Africa.
Matern Heal Neonatol Perinatol [Internet]. 2016;2(1):6. Available
from:
http://mhnpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40748-016-0033-x
6. Chu K, Maine R, Trelles M. Cesarean section surgical site infections
in sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country study from Medecins sans
Frontieres. World J Surg. 2015;39(2):350–5.
7. Amenu D, Belachew T, Araya F. Surgical site infection rate and risk
factors among obstetric cases of jimma university specialized hospital,
southwest ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci [Internet].
2011;21(2):91–100. Available from:
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3275863&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
8. Smaill FM GR. Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for
preventing infection after cesarean section (Review). Cochrane Libr.
2014;(10).
9. Westen EHMN, Kolk PR, Van Velzen CL, Unkels R, Mmuni NS, Hamisi AD,
et al. Single-dose compared with multiple day antibiotic prophylaxis for
cesarean section in low-resource settings, a randomized controlled,
noninferiority trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2015;94(1):43–9.
10. Lyimo FM, Massinde AN, Kidenya BR, Konje ET, Mshana SE. Single dose
of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses
for prevention of post-caesarean infection at Bugando Medical Centre in
Mwanza, Tanzania: a randomized, equivalence, controlled trial. BMC
Pregnancy Childbirth [Internet]. 2013;13:123. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23721411%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3681664
11. Shaheen S, Akhtar S. Comparison of single dose versus multiple doses
of antibiotic prophylaxis in elective caesarian section. J Postgrad Med
Inst. 2014;28(1):83–6.
12. van Dijck C, Vlieghe E, Cox JA. Antibiotic stewardship interventions
in hospitals in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review.
Bull World Health Organ. 2018;96(4):266–80.
13. World Health Organization (WHO). Global guidelines for the
prevention of surgical site infection. J Hosp Infect [Internet].
2017;95(2):135–6. Available from:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195670116305874
14. Rwanda Ministry of Health. Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical
Protocols & Treatment Guidelines. 2012.
15. Anderson DJ, Podgorny K, Berríos-Torres SI, Bratzler DW, Dellinger
EP, Greene L, et al. Strategies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in
Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
2014;35(6):605–27.
16. Wodajo S, Belayneh M, Gebremedhin S. Magnitude and Factors
Associated With Post-Cesarean Surgical Site Infection at Hawassa
University Teaching and Referral Hospital , Southern Ethiopia: A
Cross-sectional Study. J Heal Sci. 2017;27(3):283.
17. Nkurunziza T, Kateera F, Sonderman K, Gruendl M, Nihiwacu E,
Ramadhan B, et al. Prevalence and predictors of surgical-site infection
after caesarean section at a rural district hospital in Rwanda. Br J
Surg. 2019;106(2):e121–8.
18. Dessie W, Mulugeta G, Fentaw S, Mihret A, Hassen M, Abebe E. Pattern
of bacterial pathogens and their susceptibility isolated from surgical
site infections at selected referral hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Int J Microbiol. 2016;
19. Mengesha RE, Kasa BGS, Saravanan M, Berhe DF, Wasihun AG. Aerobic
bacteria in post surgical wound infections and pattern of their
antimicrobial susceptibility in Ayder Teaching and Referral Hospital,
Mekelle, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2014 Aug 27;7(1).
20. Mulu W, Kibru G, Beyene G, Damtie M. Postoperative nosocomial
infections and antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacterial isolates
among patients admitted at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahirdar,
Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2012;22(1):7–18.
21. Seni J, Najjuka CF, Kateete DP, Makobore P, Joloba ML, Kajumbula H,
et al. Antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized surgical patients: a
silently emerging public health concern in Uganda. BMC Res Notes.
2013;6(298).
22. Ampaire L, Muhindo A, Orikiriza P, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Bebell L,
Boum Y. A review of antimicrobial resistance in East Africa. Afr J Lab
Med. 2010;5(1):1–6.
23. Abebaw B, Dagnew M, Birhanemeskel T, Yeshitela B, Howe R, Abate E.
Bacterial profile, antibiotic resistance pattern and associated factors
from women attending postnatal health service at University of Gondar
Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist.
2018;11:2169–78.
24. Bizimana K, Ndoli J, Bayingana C, Baluhe I, Gilson GJ, Habimana E.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post Cesarean Delivery Surgical Site
Infection in a Teaching Hospital Setting in Rural Rwanda: A Prospective
Cross Sectional Study. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2016 Jun
15;5(6):631–41.
25. Mpogoro FJ, Mshana SE, Mirambo MM, Kidenya BR, Gumodoka B,
Imirzalioglu C. Incidence and predictors of surgical site infections
following caesarean sections at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza,
Tanzania. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2014 Aug 11;3(1).
26. Jido T, Garba I. Surgical-site infection following cesarean section
in Kano, Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2012;2(1):33.
27. Bebell LM, Ngonzi J, Bazira J, Fajardo Y, Boatin AA, Siedner MJ, et
al. Antimicrobial-resistant infections among postpartum women at a
Ugandan referral hospital. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):1–13.
28. Workneh M, Katz M, Lamorde M, Cosgrove S, Manabe Y. Antimicrobial
Resistance of Sterile Site Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa: A
Systematic Review. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(4):1–5.
29. Sonderman KA, Nkurunziza T, Kateera F, Gruendl M, Koch R, Gaju E, et
al. Using mobile health technology and community health workers to
identify and refer caesarean-related surgical site infections in rural
Rwanda: A randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open.
2018;8(5):1–7.
30. Harris PA, Ph D, Taylor R, Thielke R, Ph D, Payne J, et al. Research
Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) - A metadata-driven methodology and
workflow process for providing translational research informatics
support. J Biomed Inf. 2010;42(2):377–81.
31. Morisaki N, Ganchimeg T, Ota E, Vogel JP, Souza JP, Mori R, et al.
Maternal and institutional characteristics associated with the
administration of prophylactic antibiotics for caesarean section: a
secondary analysis of the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey
on Maternal and Newborn Health. BJOG. 2014;121 Suppl:66–75.
32. Sway A, Nthumba P, Solomkin J, Tarchini G, Gibbs R, Ren Y, et al.
Burden of surgical site infection following cesarean section in
sub-Saharan Africa: a narrative review. Int J Womens Health. 2019;Volume
11:309–18.
33. Elbur AI, Yousif MA, Sayed ASA El, Abdel-rahman ME. Misuse of
prophylactic antibiotics and prevalence of postoperative wound infection
in obstetrics and gynecology department in a Sudanese hospital. Health
(Irvine Calif). 2014;6(2):158–64.
34. Okoth C, Opanga S, Okalebo F, Oluka M, Baker Kurdi A, Godman B.
Point prevalence survey of antibiotic use and resistance at a referral
hospital in Kenya: findings and implications. Hosp Pract (1995)
[Internet]. 2018;46(3):128–36. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.2018.1464872
35. Huskins WC, Ba-Thike K, Festin MR, Limpongsanurak S, Lumbiganon P,
Peedicayil A, et al. An international survey of practice variation in
the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean section. Int J Gynecol
Obstet. 2001;73(2):141–5.