h) Vitamins and supplements
B vitamins : These Vitamins have a role in the immune system and B vitamin deficiency could result in a weak immune system. So resolving B vitamin deficiencies is important for strengthening the body against the coronavirus(8).
Vitamin C: Vitamin C is necessary for immune system functions (54). Lower respiratory tract infection could be a result of COVID‐19 disease, so vitamin C could be an effective option for the treatment of this infection (8).
Vitamin D3 : Patients with a weak immune system as a result of vitamin D3 deficiency, are at a higher risk to infect to COVID-19 (55).
omega‐3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)‐derived lipid mediator : This lipid mediator inhibited influenza virus replication strongly (8).
Selenium: Selenium deficiency affects the immune system response and the virus elimination (56).
Ebselen: It’ an anti-oxidant agent with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties (45, 57).
Glycyrrhizin , a component of licorice roots, is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Glycyrrhizin has inhibitory effects on SARS replication.
Baicalin , another Chinese herb was also found to be a SARS-CoV inhibiting and immune system enhancer.
Shikonin is also another herbal medicine showing promising results (45).
Estradiol and phytoestrogen : Epidemiologic studies reveal men undergo a higher rate of morbidity and mortality in comparison to females after SARS-CoV infection. However an increase was reported in the number of female mice mortality after ovariectomy or administration of estrogen receptor antagonist (8).