Introduction
Clonality occurs across the entire tree of life, including all kingdoms of Eukaryota (Avise & Nicholson, 2008; Schön, Van Dijk, & Martens, 2009; Tibayrenc, Avise, & Ayala, 2015). Most, if not all, clonal eukaryotic species alternate between clonal and sexual reproduction at the population scale over a few generations (see Box 1 for the definitions used in this work). This mode of reproduction, called partial clonality (PC), has been reported in a broad range of species, especially primary producers, ecosystem engineers, pathogens and invasive species. Their evolutionary trajectories may thus have major consequences for ecosystem functioning and for human health and development (Schön et al., 2009; Yu, Roiloa, & Alpert, 2016). Challenging environments and the edges of species ranges may also favour populations able to reproduce using PC and putatively populations with higher rates of clonality, emphasising the importance of understanding evolutionary trajectories of PC species when dealing with global changes (Barrett, 2015, 2016; Tibayrenc & Ayala, 2012; Yu et al., 2016).