2.3 Phylogenetic analysis and primer design
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion genomes was inferred by
using the maximum likelihood method implemented by MEGA 7 with
bootstrapping (Kumar et al., 2016; Sanderson & Wojciechowski, 2000).
Mitochondrial genome sequences of other Spodoptera species
downloaded from GenBank, NCBI, and used the previously reported sequence
reference of rice and corn strain of S. frugiperda (Gouin et al.,
2017b). For comparative analysis, mitochondrial genomes were aligned
using mVISTA (Frazer, Pachter, Poliakov, Rubin, & Dubchak, 2004; Mayor
et al., 2000). Based on the global alignment result, partial sequences
were re-aligned for LAMP primer design using PrimerExplorer V5.