ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Cooperative Research Program supported this study for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ01500903), the Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. Support was also provided by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Special thanks to Dr. Sabine Haenniger and Dr. Melanie Unbehend in MPI-CE for supplyng the African populations of Spodoptera frugiperda . Mr. Hyun Oh Lee in PHYZEN for technical support in NGS and bioinformatics.