2.3 Phylogenetic analysis and primer design
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion genomes was inferred by using the maximum likelihood method implemented by MEGA 7 with bootstrapping (Kumar et al., 2016; Sanderson & Wojciechowski, 2000). Mitochondrial genome sequences of other Spodoptera species downloaded from GenBank, NCBI, and used the previously reported sequence reference of rice and corn strain of S. frugiperda (Gouin et al., 2017b). For comparative analysis, mitochondrial genomes were aligned using mVISTA (Frazer, Pachter, Poliakov, Rubin, & Dubchak, 2004; Mayor et al., 2000). Based on the global alignment result, partial sequences were re-aligned for LAMP primer design using PrimerExplorer V5.