Features Advantages Reference
Safety No GMOs will be released, and therefore there is no biosafety issue. [48, 66]
Toxicity tolerance The system can operate in the presence of toxins. [67]
Response time The tested materials can react directly with the sensors in a cell-free environment to generate signals more quickly.
Selectivity It has the selectivity based on biosensor elements, which can reduce the interference with other signals. [51]
Stability Cell-free systems have high long-term storage stability by the freeze-drying technology.
Sensitivity (Detection limit)
The detection sensitivity is high; the detection limit is low and can even reach the nanomole level.
[68]
Robustness Cell-free system can keep its structure and function stable when it is disturbed by uncertain factors. [69]
Engineering operation Metabolic pathways can be simplified and optimized by adding different concentrations of DNA components or by mixing different cell extracts. [55]