Clinical inputs
Blood transfusions and the incidence of bleeding within two weeks after surgery, re-operation and the severity of pain within 24 hours after surgery were considered as the outcomes of this study. To calculate pain score after surgery, the visual analogue scale (VAS) was used. It has a 10-cm horizontal or vertical line, one side indicating the absence of pain (0) and the other side indicating the most severe pain (10), on which the patients put a mark based on their pain severity(14). Patients were contacted three times (6, 12, and 24 hours) from the first day after surgery to respond to the questionnaire at VAS. During the first two weeks after surgery, if the bleeding occurs, the nurse recommends family to refer to the surgeon to check for the presence of the bleeding and its severity. In addition, the nurse should record the bleeding rate and pain score using a questionnaire.