Figure 5. Relationship between insect herbivore effects on
willow shoot growth, and lagged climate. Tests are the same as those in
Fig. 2c, except that analyses are run separately for each of the
experimental treatments. Abbreviations are as described in the legend to
Fig. 3 and Table 1.
The joint outcome of these patterns again led to negative relationships
between effects of insect herbivory and climate, such that insects had
more strongly negative effects in warmer years. Interestingly, while
vertebrate herbivory alone had little impact on this trend (i.e.P , RP ), negative effects of herbivory appeared to be
buffered by rejuvenation treatments, such that the overall effect of
insect herbivores was smaller (e.g. J , PJ ) (Fig. 5).
Again, however, this buffering appeared to be nullified by vertebrate
herbivory, such that the treatment that included both vertebrate
herbivores and rejuvenation (RPJ ) showed a response that was
roughly identical to that in the untreated experimental unit (N ).