Not often (n=257) Not often (n=257) Often (n=733) Often (n=733) p-value ORc 95%[CI] ORc 95%[CI] ORc 95%[CI]
Discuss with patients (‘often’)
Diet/nutrition 72 (7.3%) 72 (7.3%) 303 (30.7%) 303 (30.7%) <0.01 1.82 [1.33, 2.45] 1.82 [1.33, 2.45] 1.82 [1.33, 2.45]
Smoking and drug use 31 (3.1%) 31 (3.1%) 148 (59.1%) 148 (59.1%) <0.01 1.83 [1.21, 2.79] 1.83 [1.21, 2.79] 1.83 [1.21, 2.79]
Physical activity 185 (18.7%) 185 (18.7%) 699 (70.7%) 699 (70.7%) <0.01 8.24 [5.29, 12.83] 8.24 [5.29, 12.83] 8.24 [5.29, 12.83]
Occupation Health & Safety 92 (9.3%) 92 (9.3%) 412 (41.7%) 412 (41.7%) <0.01 2.32 [1.73, 3.12] 2.32 [1.73, 3.12] 2.32 [1.73, 3.12]
Pain counselling 80 (8.1%) 80 (8.1%) 186 (18.8%) 186 (18.8%) 0.07 - - -
Stress 111 (11.2%) 111 (11.2%) 377 (38.2%) 377 (38.2%) 0.02 1.39 [1.04, 1.85] 1.39 [1.04, 1.85] 1.39 [1.04, 1.85]
Nutritional supplements 48 (4.9%) 48 (4.9%) 203 (20.5%) 203 (20.5%) <0.01 1.67 [1.17, 2.38] 1.67 [1.17, 2.38] 1.67 [1.17, 2.38]
Medication 71 (7.2%) 71 (7.2%) 319 (32.3%) 319 (32.3%) <0.01 2.03 [1.49, 2.76] 2.03 [1.49, 2.76] 2.03 [1.49, 2.76]
Manual therapy (use ‘often’) Manual therapy (use ‘often’)
Counterstrain 88 (8.9%) 88 (8.9%) 331 (33.5%) 331 (33.5%) <0.01 1.58 [1.18, 2.13] 1.58 [1.18, 2.13] 1.58 [1.18, 2.13]
Muscle energy technique 173 (17.5%) 173 (17.5%) 614 (62.0%) 614 (62.0%) <0.01 2.50 [1.80, 3.47] 2.50 [1.80, 3.47] 2.50 [1.80, 3.47]
High-velocity, low-amplitude manipulation 133 (13.4%) 133 (13.4%) 498 (50.3%) 498 (50.3%) <0.01 1.97 [1.48, 2.64] 1.97 [1.48, 2.64] 1.97 [1.48, 2.64]
Joint manipulation 80 (8.1%) 80 (8.1%) 312 (31.6%) 312 (31.6%) <0.01 1.63 [1.21, 2.21] 1.63 [1.21, 2.21] 1.63 [1.21, 2.21]
Soft tissue technique 188 (19.0%) 188 (19.0%) 659 (66.6%) 659 (66.6%) <0.01 3.22 [2.23, 4.64] 3.22 [2.23, 4.64] 3.22 [2.23, 4.64]
Myofascial release 140 (14.2%) 140 (14.2%) 472 (47.7%) 472 (47.7%) <0.01 1.50 [1.12, 2.00] 1.50 [1.12, 2.00] 1.50 [1.12, 2.00]
Visceral techniques 31 (3.1%) 31 (3.1%) 67 (6.8%) 67 (6.8%) 0.17 - - -
Lymphatic pump 23 (2.3%) 23 (2.3%) 61 (6.2%) 61 (6.2%) 0.75 - - -
Autonomic balancing 53 (5.4%) 53 (5.4%) 104 (10.5%) 104 (10.5%) 0.01 0.64 [0.44, 0.92] 0.64 [0.44, 0.92] 0.64 [0.44, 0.92]
Biodynamics 61 (6.2%) 61 (6.2%) 94 (9.5%) 94 (9.5%) <0.01 0.47 [0.33, 0.68] 0.47 [0.33, 0.68] 0.47 [0.33, 0.68]
Functional technique 77 (7.8%) 77 (7.8%) 193 (19.5%) 193 (19.5%) 0.26 - - -
Balanced ligamentous tension 106 (10.7%) 106 (10.7%) 243 (24.5%) 243 (24.5%) 0.02 0.71 [0.52, 0.94] 0.71 [0.52, 0.94] 0.71 [0.52, 0.94]
Chapman’s reflexes 2 (0.2%) 2 (0.2%) 22 (2.2%) 22 (2.2%) 0.06 - - -
Trigger point therapy 23 (2.3%) 23 (2.3%) 234 (23.7%) 234 (23.7%) <0.01 4.78 [3.03, 7.54] 4.78 [3.03, 7.54] 4.78 [3.03, 7.54]
Osteopathy in the Cranial Field 93 (9.4%) 93 (9.4%) 140 (14.2%) 140 (14.2%) <0.01 0.41 [0.30, 0.57] 0.41 [0.30, 0.57] 0.41 [0.30, 0.57]
Facilitated positional release 40 (4.0%) 40 (4.0%) 126 (12.8%) 126 (12.8%) 0.54 - - -
Dry needling 34 (3.4%) 34 (3.4%) 200 (20.2%) 200 (20.2%) <0.01 2.47 [1.66, 3.66] 2.47 [1.66, 3.66] 2.47 [1.66, 3.66]
Shockwave therapy 3 (0.3%) 3 (0.3%) 15 (1.5%) 15 (1.5%) 0.36 - - -
Ultrasound 7 (0.7%) 7 (0.7%) 20 (2.0%) 20 (2.0%) 0.99 - - -
TENS 3 (0.3%) 3 (0.3%) 16 (1.6%) 16 (1.6%) 0.31 - - -
Instrument manipulation 0 0 2 (0.2%) 2 (0.2%) 0.55 - - -
Instrument-assisted soft-tissue 2 (0.2%) 2 (0.2%) 10 (1.0%) 10 (1.0%) 0.36 - - -
Sport taping 8 (0.8%) 8 (0.8%) 113 (11.4%) 113 (11.4%) <0.01 5.68 [2.73, 11.81] 5.68 [2.73, 11.81] 5.68 [2.73, 11.81]