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\begin{document}

\title{ASSESSMENT OF NOISE LEVELS IN SELECTED AREAS WITHIN AKURE, NIGERIA
METROPOLIS USING ArcGIS}



\author[1]{Olumuyiwa Aderinola}%
\author[2]{Titilayo Owolabi}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[2]{Hong Kong University of Science and Technology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 18, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
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\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The study examined the noise levels in selected areas within Akure
Metropolis, Nigeria with a view to generate noise maps using ArcGIS
which will help to identify high impact areas and support environmental
management in the study area. Some selected areas within Akure
metropolis were selected for this study namely; Oja-oba Market
(commercial Land use), Ijoka (Residential land use), and the Federal
University of Technology, Akure (Futa as an Educational Land Use). The
digital sound level meter (IEC651 Type 2) was used to measure noise
level in the morning (8:00am-9:00am), afternoon (1:00pm-2:00pm) and
evening (4:00pm-5:00pm) for a period of 7days in each of the selected
areas. The compiled data were imported into the ArcGIS 10.5 Software for
analysis and geo-referencing whereby transforming the data and
presenting it on noise contour maps. The study revealed that Sunday bus
stop has the highest mean noise level with 64.3 decibel (A) while the
lowest noise level was found in Olowookere street with 38.1 dB(A) for
the Residential area. Ijomu recorded the highest noise level with 78.6
dB(A) and Erekesan market has the lowest noise level of 61.5 dB(A) for
the commercial area. Finally, Northgate has the highest noise level,
which recorded 76.3 dB(A) and the lowest noise level was recorded at
Library area with 41.0 dB(A) for the Institutional area. 80\% of the
commercial area is exposed to the highest risk of noise pollution. The
residential area was exposed to 18.7\% noise pollution which makes the
area suitable for housing. The institutional land use recorded 36.6\%
for total area exposed to noise pollution. This research has provided
valuable information for decision makers as a guidance for noise
pollution risk management and serve as a reference for future noise
limit regulations to be executed in urban areas of Nigeria and other
developing countries%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{1. Introduction}

Noise is usually defined as unwanted or undesired sound judged to be
unpleasant, loud or disruptive to hearing. Environmental noise is the
accumulation of all noise present in a specified environment.
Environmental Noise can also be defined as an unwanted or harmful
outdoor sound created by human activity, such as noise emitted by means
of transport, road traffic, rail traffic, air traffic and industrial
activity (Environmental Noise pollution, 2014). A study on environmental
noise pollution in Nigeria urban centers found that increase in
population, commercial activities and road traffic volume, increase the
level of noise generation. Other concomitant noises have been noted to
be severe in rapidly expanding cities, towns and regions in Nigeria as
observed in the South Eastern States (Onuu, 1992). Many studies on noise
pollution have been conducted (Chibuike et al. 2018; Pretzsch et al.
2015; Wang et al. 2014; Baloye and Palamuleni, 2015).

Oyedepo et al. (2018) produced dataset to assess the noise pollution
levels in Ota Metropolis and discovered that only 2 out of the 41
locations considered are under normally acceptable situation while the
noise levels of other areas are not acceptable.

Noise exposure is not a new phenomenon. Records show that even in
medieval times, carriages and horseback riding were banned during the
night in some cities in Europe, in order to prevent sleep disturbance
(World Health Organization, 2000). Noise Pollution also known as sound
pollution, is the propagation of noise with harmful impact on the
activity of human or animal life. The source of outdoor noise worldwide
is mainly caused by machines, transport, and propagation systems
(Wikipedia, 2016). Noise pollution can damage physiological health
problems to people who are continuously subjected to it. In 1999, the
World Health Organization (WHO) issued suggested community noise
guidelines. It considered various environments noise levels, and noise
impacts. In outdoor living areas (backyards, for example), a noise level
of 50-55 dB(A) averaged over the daytime is considered moderately to
seriously annoying; levels above 45d dB(A) averaged over nighttime hours
can disturb sleep; and indoor noise levels above 35 dB(A) impact
communication in a school.

Braj and Jain (1995) and Schwartz (2011), describe noise as air
pollutant, which differs from other pollutants in the sense that it is
transient in nature, and it is not a continuing or persisting
phenomenon. Once the noise pollution stops, the environment becomes free
of its effects. Garg (2010) expands this concept when he noted that
noise is any unwanted sound that is not necessarily random. He noted
that noise, particularly loud ones disturb people or make it difficult

for people to hear, and that conversations of other people may also be
described as noise by people not involved. He added that any unwanted
sound, such as barking of domesticated dogs, neighbors playing loud
music, port mechanical saws, road traffic sounds which have now become a
part of the urban culture, qualify as noise pollution.

The problem with noise is not only that it is unwanted, but also that it
negatively affects human life and well-being. High noise levels can
contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans and an increased
incidence of coronary artery disease. While the elderly may have cardiac
problems due to noise, according to World Health Organization, children
are especially vulnerable to noise and the effects that noise has on
children may be permanent. Noise poses a serious threat to a child's
physical and physiological health and may negatively interfere with a
child's learning and behavior (Wikipedia, 2006). Noise is a growing
health threat, and if left unchecked, could result to hazardous
conditions (Adejobi, 2012).

In considering the adverse effects of noise and the need for control, it
is suggested by (Kaushik and Kaushik, 2008) that noise can be controlled
by reduction in sources; use of sound absorbing silencers; planting of
more trees with broad leaves; and legislation. Noise pollution from
commercial areas and other urban factors can be mitigated by applying an
important factor which is a computer model like ArcGIS (Karthik et.al.,
2015). ArcGIS provides good visualization tools of noise propagation and
assist in building a spatial decision support system that can be used
for decision making

\par\null

\textbf{2. Materials and Methods}

\textbf{2.1 Study Area}

Akure lies on latitude 70 5' North of the equator and longitude 50 15'
East of the Greenwich Meridian. It is about 370m above the sea level, it
is situated within a 48-kilometer (km) radius to major towns in Ondo
State, via Ondo to the South, Owo to the East and Iju/Itaogbolu to the
North. Easy access and geographical centrality of Akure to these towns
have enhanced the growth prospect of the City. The population of Akure
in 1963 was put 71,006 and by 1999, the population had risen to 239,124
(NPC, 1996). By the year 2006, the population had increased to 340,021
(NPC, 2006). The city has expanded continuously in all directions in the
past two decades. Many significant changes have been experienced in
terms of urbanization, industrialization, expansion of road network, and
infrastructure. The city has been subjected to persistent road traffic
and commercial activities due to overall increase in prosperity, fast
development, and expansion of the economy. Very few studies have been
carried out to investigate and assess noise pollution in Akure
metropolis. This study will examine the noise levels in the selected
residential neighborhoods, commercial, and educational areas of Akure
Metropolis with a view to considering the quality of livelihood that the
residents are being subjected to.

\textbf{2.2 Methodology}

Three areas based on land use have been selected for this study namely
Oja-oba Market (commercial Land use), Ijoka (Residential land use), and
The Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA as an Educational Land
Use). This research is based on the result of outdoor and indoor sound
level measurements for the selected areas. The noise level of each of
the selected areas were conducted with the aid of a Digital Sound Level
Meter (IEC651 Type 2) which complies with the IEC standard. 15 locations
were selected in each area and a random sampling method was adopted.

The instrument was held comfortably in hand with the microphone at a
distance of about 1.2 meters above the ground level and 1 m away from
the chest. Noise level measurements was carried out three times daily
for a period of 7days in each area. Daily measurements were taken in the
morning (8:00am -9:00am), afternoon (1:00 pm-2:00 pm) and evening (4:00
pm-5:00pm). Measurements were recorded every 15 seconds for a duration
of 2 minutes on a selected spot to account for time fluctuation of the
noise levels using multifunctional digital sound level meter (IE651 Type
2). The longitude and latitude of each spot was also recorded with the
help of a hand held Global Positioning System (GPS). The Noise level
maps was also prepared using Arc GIS 10.5 software to show the areas
with low, medium and high noise level.

\textbf{3. Results and Discussions}

Table 1 shows the noise levels within the selected residential
neighborhoods at different time of the day for the noise computation of
Ijoka area. The analysis shows that Sunday bus stop has the highest
noise level with 64.3 dB(A) recorded in the morning, 53.3 dB(A) in the
afternoon and 49.6 dB(A) in the evening. This is due to the market
located around this area and the presence of traffic noise. It is noted
that Olowookere street which has 38.1 dB(A) in the morning, 47.4 dB(A)
in the afternoon and 40.7 dB(A) in the evening which is the lowest noise
within the selected areas. It can also be seen from table 4.1 that Ileri
oluwase, Ayoni C \& S, Breeze FM, Oyedepo street and others have noise
level that are within the recommended permissible noise limit of 55
dB(A) and 45 dB(A) for afternoon and evening respectively for
residential zones.

\textbf{Table 1 Noise levels in selected areas within Ijoka.}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Morning dB(A)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Afternoon dB(A)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Evening dB(A)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Locations\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Latitude\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Longitude\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
(8:00-9:00am)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
(1:00-2:00pm)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
(4:00-5:00pm)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Abusoro str\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.21333\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19875\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.9\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
St Philip\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.20972\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19869\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
39.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
46.5\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Cowbell str\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.20943\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19873\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
47.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40.1\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Davog\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.20722\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19878\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
52.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
57.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45.9\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Olowookere str\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.21028\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19857\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
38.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
47.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40.7\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Alajeseku str\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.21139\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19821\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
47.4\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Alakure\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.20909\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19802\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
47.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
48.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.4\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Ileri oluwase\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.2091\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.1953\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
44.7\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Oyedepo str\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.20917\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19853\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
39.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
41.7\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Ayoni C\&S\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.21055\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19891\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
44.3\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Breeze FM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.21005\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19890\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.6\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Honey bread\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.21029\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19953\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.5\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Golden tommy str\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.21105\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19929\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
47.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
47.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
48.7\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NNPC Mega Station\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.2152\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.19922\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
53.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.2\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Sunday Bus stop\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.215\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.2004\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
64.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
53.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49.6\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Table 2 shows the noise level computation for the selected commercial
areas. The analysis shows that Ijomu has the highest noise level, which
recorded 75.1 dB(A) in the morning, 78.6 dB(A) in the afternoon and 70.4
dB(A) in the evening. The high noise level recorded in the morning was
due traffic congestion. Erekesan market has the lowest noise level of
61.5 dB(A) in the morning, 68.0 dB(A) in the afternoon and 69.8 dB(A) in
the evening. It was observed that most of the selected areas exceed the
recommended permissible noise limit for commercial zones of 65 dB(A) and
55 dB(A) for afternoon and evening respectively.

\textbf{Table 2 Noise levels in selected areas within Olukayode market}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
Location & & & Morning dB(A) & Afternoon dB(A) & Evening
dB(A)\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
& Latitude & Longitude & (8:00-9:00am) & (1:00-2:00pm) &
(4:00-5:00pm)\tabularnewline
Texaco & 7.21005 & 5.19874 & 73.7 & 72.3 & 72.6\tabularnewline
Ijomu junction & 7.20983 & 5.19871 & 75.1 & 78.6 & 70.4\tabularnewline
Olukayode & 7.20929 & 5.1988 & 71.6 & 79.8 & 69.4\tabularnewline
Market center & 7.20901 & 5.19878 & 71.5 & 73.2 & 75.7\tabularnewline
Odo ikoyi & 7.20889 & 5.19863 & 75.3 & 73.5 & 73.3\tabularnewline
Center mosque & 7.2089 & 5.1982 & 72.4 & 75.3 & 79.5\tabularnewline
Post office & 7.20911 & 5.19805 & 72.6 & 76.1 & 77.3\tabularnewline
Oja oba & 7.20914 & 5.19827 & 66.8 & 72.3 & 79.5\tabularnewline
Deji palace & 7.20915 & 5.19852 & 65.0 & 75.1 & 65.8\tabularnewline
Erekesan market & 7.21009 & 5.19887 & 61.5 & 68.0 & 69.8\tabularnewline
Old garage & 7.21012 & 5.19887 & 70.2 & 65.0 & 63.8\tabularnewline
Arakale road & 7.21031 & 5.1996 & 74.3 & 70.0 & 70.9\tabularnewline
Car street & 7.21108 & 5.19927 & 69.3 & 73.9 & 73.7\tabularnewline
Ultra-modern Market & 7.21157 & 5.19919 & 72.9 & 76.1 &
76.5\tabularnewline
Stadium Junction & 7.21160 & 5.19920 & 72.3 & 73.8 & 74.9\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Table 3 shows the noise computation of selected institution areas
(FUTA). The analysis shows that Northgate has the highest noise level,
which recorded 76.3 dB(A) in the morning, 79.3 dB(A) in the afternoon
and 79.5 dB(A) in the evening. The high noise level in the morning was
due to the high population of student coming for lecture and traffic
noise. The lowest noise level was recorded at Library area with 41.0
dB(A) in the morning, 52.7 dB(A) in the afternoon and 53.2 dB(A) in the
evening. Areas like Front of Abiola Hostel, Student Affairs and Senate
Area are within permissible recommended noise limit of 55 dB(A) and 45
dB(A) for afternoon and evening respectively.

\textbf{Table 3 showing Noise levels in selected areas within FUTA}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
& & & Morning dB(A) & Afternoon dB(A) & Evening dB(A)\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Location & Latitude & Longitude & (8:00-9:00am) & (1:00-2:00pm) &
(4:00-5:00pm)\tabularnewline
Jadesola hostel & 7.30174 & 5.14358 & 49.5 & 45.8 & 64.6\tabularnewline
Front of Abiola & 7.30197 & 5.14258 & 51.1 & 41.3 & 46.1\tabularnewline
Aluta market & 7.30259 & 5.14151 & 60.7 & 55.7 & 60.0\tabularnewline
S.U.B & 7.30424 & 5.13968 & 62.9 & 54.2 & 58.4\tabularnewline
ETF & 7.30244 & 5.13543 & 53.2 & 49.9 & 46.4\tabularnewline
SAAT & 7.30142 & 5.13565 & 46.2 & 60.2 & 48.3\tabularnewline
Student affair & 7.3014 & 5.1382 & 50.3 & 48.9 & 43.6\tabularnewline
Senate area & 7.30193 & 5.13919 & 47.7 & 49.1 & 55.8\tabularnewline
Engineering building & 7.30309 & 5.13524 & 63.4 & 66.2 &
65.6\tabularnewline
South gate & 7.2933065 & 5.149600 & 76.5 & 60.5 & 78.5\tabularnewline
Health center & 7.2952227 & 5.1495071 & 48.2 & 45.2 &
53.3\tabularnewline
SAAT Lab & 7.2936518 & 5.1483598 & 46.7 & 49.8 & 45.0\tabularnewline
Great Hall & 7.2962735 & 5.1467994 & 41.7 & 47.2 & 57.6\tabularnewline
Botanical garden & 7.3008658 & 5.1409787 & 45.1 & 48.1 &
57.1\tabularnewline
2 in 1 LT & 7.2980901 & 5.1363959 & 52.1 & 57.2 & 54.2\tabularnewline
SET & 7.2992814 & 5.1364599 & 50.2 & 57.2 & 72.2\tabularnewline
SMAT Building & 7.2981552 & 5.1349399 & 51.4 & 54.4 &
54.3\tabularnewline
3 in 1 LT & 7.3010911 & 5.1338085 & 65.2 & 64.8 & 63.3\tabularnewline
FBN LT & 7.2980528 & 5.1328436 & 65.8 & 58.6 & 68.2\tabularnewline
Library area & 7.3043673 & 5.1343177 & 41.0 & 52.7 & 53.2\tabularnewline
S.O.S & 7.3018927 & 5.1342284 & 68.4 & 68.4 & 66.8\tabularnewline
Round about & 7.3036951 & 5.1388386 & 65.3 & 66.7 & 69.0\tabularnewline
Northgate & 7.3064279 & 5.1394561 & 76.3 & 79.3 & 79.5\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Plate 1 to Plate 3 shows the spatial distribution of noise levels in the
selected areas within FUTA for morning, afternoon and evening
respectively. The colors denote the increase in noise levels(decibel)
which are represented from green to yellow on the thematic map. Plate 4
shows the line graph which denotes the noise peak and statistical
analysis of the noise data

3.1 Detailed Noise Levels in FUTA(Institutional)

{\label{detailed-noise-levels-in-futainstitutional}}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image1/image1}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{quote}
Plate 1 Map Showing morning noise level in selected areas within FUTA
\end{quote}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image2/image2}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{quote}
Plate 2 Map showing afternoon noise level in selected areas within FUTA.
\end{quote}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image3/image3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{quote}
Plate 3 Map showing evening noise level in selected areas within FUTA
\end{quote}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image4/image4}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

Plate 4 line graph showing variation in noise level in FUTA With the
observed trend of high noise values from the line graph, the morning
recorded the least noise levels. The mapped values range between 41.7
dB(A) to 76.5 dB(A) for morning, 41.3 dB(A) to 79.3 dB(A) for afternoon
and 43.6 dB(A) to 79.5 dB(A) depicting lower and higher limits for the
period. South gate and north gate were recorded as places with highest
value which was due to the bus stop at the two gates hereby causing
noise pollution for the land use. Malu road and Botanical garden has the
lowest noise level due to the closeness to thick vegetation (forest).
The school of engineering and engineering (SEET) building was assessed
for morning afternoon, and evening period, the average noise levels are
63.4 dB(A) ,66.2 dB(A) ,65.6 dB(A) respectively. ETF, 1000 LT, 2 in 1,
SET and SOS building. It is found that the noise levels in the lecture
theater are above the threshold limits of 55 dB(A) man can be exposed to
due to the operations carried out in the area. This noise is due to the
high population of students in the area. From the line graph above, it
shows that the highest noise value is in the evening and the places with
highest occurrences noise pollution is in the morning. Plate 5 to plate
7 shows the spatial distribution of noise levels in the selected areas
within Ijoka for morning, afternoon and evening respectively. The colors
denote the increase in noise levels (decibel) which are represented from
green to yellow on the thematic map. Plate 8 shows the line graph which
denotes the noise peak and statistical analysis of the noise data.

3.2 Detailed Noise Levels in Ijoka(Residential)

{\label{detailed-noise-levels-in-ijokaresidential}}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image5/image5}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{quote}
Plate 5 Map showing morning noise level for selected areas within Ijoka.
\end{quote}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image6/image6}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{quote}
Plate 6 Map showing afternoon noise level for selected areas within
Ijoka.
\end{quote}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image7/image7}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{quote}
Plate 7 Map showing evening noise level for selected areas within Ijoka
\end{quote}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image8/image8}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

Plate 8 line graph showing variation in noise level Ijoka The average
noise level thematic maps and chart are shown in plate 5 to plate 8 at
the Ijoka residential area. Research reveals that the residential land
use noise peak at 57.5-59.1 dB(A) in the morning, 54.8 to 56.8 dB(A) at
afternoon and 52.3-64.1 dB(A) in the evening while the lowest noise
value in the land use ranges between 40.2-42.4 dB(A), 39.4-41.2 dB(A),
38.2-40.0 dB(A) in the morning, afternoon and evening respectively. It
is observed that areas close to the road side experience the highest
noise level, this is as a result of traffic noise. The noise levels in
this area are not as high as the educational and commercial area. Plate
9 to plate 11 shows the spatial distribution of noise levels in the
selected areas within Oja Oba for morning, afternoon and evening
respectively. The colors denote the increase in noise levels(decibel)
which are represented from green to yellow on the thematic map. Plate 12
shows the line graph which denotes the noise peak and statistical
analysis of the noise data .

3.3 Detailed Noise Levels in Oja Oba(Commercial)

{\label{detailed-noise-levels-in-oja-obacommercial}}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image9/image9}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{quote}
Plate 9 Map showing morning noise level for selected areas within
Olukayode market.
\end{quote}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image10/image10}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{quote}
Plate 10 showing afternoon noise level for selected areas within
Olukayode market.
\end{quote}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image11/image11}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{quote}
Plate 11 showing evening noise level for selected areas within Olukayode
market.
\end{quote}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image12/image12}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{quote}
Plate 12 line graph showing variation in noise level Oja Oba
\end{quote}

The commercial land use has the highest noise level ranging from
77.0-79.4 dB(A), 81.2-83.7 dB(A) and 86.62-88.7 dB(A) in the morning,
afternoon and evening respectively. The highest noise level in the
morning was recorded beside Olukayode Adeshida road which was as a
result of traffic. The main sources of the noise within the market are
mainly from Grinding machines, music players, hawkers, People
advertising products using loud speakers, megaphones etc. The Oja oba
market also has high noise level due to the population of people in the
environment. The highest noise recorded for afternoon noise level was
observed at the Olukayode building. This was due to the commercial
activities and high population density in the area. This area is known
as center of commercial activities in Akure south.

\begin{quote}
Table 4 Showing Permitted Noise Level at Different Land use.
\end{quote}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}}
\toprule
Type of Land Use & Day time & Night time\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Industrial & 75 & 70\tabularnewline
Commercial & 65 & 55\tabularnewline
Residential & 55 & 45\tabularnewline
& Classroom environment & Classroom indoor\tabularnewline
Educational & 55 & 45\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

(Source: WHO, 2009)

\subsubsection*{4. Conclusions}

{\label{conclusions}}

The study has examined the distribution of noise in selected areas
within Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA), Ijoka and
Olukayode market, via monitoring and GIS-based mapping for decision
making purposes. The World Health Organization (WHO) standards were used
as limits for noise assessment. The research carried out in the various
land use reveals that 80\% of the commercial area is exposed to the
highest risk of noise pollution. Hence, results records that the highest
noise was recorded in the morning and afternoon. The residential area
was exposed to 18.7\% noise pollution which makes the area suitable for
housing. The educational land use recorded 36.6\% for total area exposed
to noise pollution and 34\% of the total lecture theatre is prone to
noise pollution on lecture days. It is recommended that Ministry of
Environment at the Federal and State level should collaborate to conduct
a noise assessment study. Such study will produce a comprehensive noise
pollution and regulations standard for sustainable environmental
development in Akure with respect to the identified land uses. Also,
marketing activities should be re-organized in an environmentally
friendly manner and the use of loudspeakers should be discouraged in
already noisy environment such as markets.

\textbf{Declaration of Competing Interest}

The authors wish to declare that there are no known conflicts of
interest associated with this publication and this research did not
receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public,
commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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\selectlanguage{english}
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