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\begin{document}

\title{Ice-covered lakes of Tibetan Plateau as solar heat collectors}



\author[1]{Georgiy B Kirillin}%
\author[2]{Lijuan Wen}%
\author[3]{Tom Shatwell}%
\affil[1]{Leibniz-Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries}%
\affil[2]{Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[3]{Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research}%


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  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau possesses the largest alpine lake system,
which plays a crucial role in the land-atmosphere interaction. We report
first observations on the thermal and radiation regime under ice of the
largest freshwater lake of the Plateau. The results reveal that
freshwater lakes on the Tibetan Plateau fully mix under ice. Due to
strong solar heating, water temperatures increase above the maximum
density value 1-2 months before the ice break, forming stable thermal
stratification with subsurface temperatures \$\textgreater{}6\$
\textbackslash{}celsius. The resulting heat flow from water to ice makes
a crucial contribution to ice cover melt. After the ice breakup, the
accumulated heat is released into the atmosphere during 1-2 days,
increasing lake-atmosphere heat fluxes up to 500 W m\$\^{}\{-2\}\$. The
direct biogeochemical consequences of the deep convective mixing are
aeration of the deep lake waters and upward supply of nutrients to the
upper photic layer.%
\end{abstract}%



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