where Yij is the response of streamflow (Qt, Qqf, Qbf, Qpeak) in micro-catchment i to storm jwith total rainfall Xij,\(\overset{\overline{}}{X_{i}}\) represents the means of total rainfall in the micro-catchments; We can rearrange Equation 2 to express the ANCOVA on the original response variable (Y) as a regular ANOVA on values of Y that have been adjusted, according to their linear dependence on X: