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\begin{document}

\title{Reconstructing Global-scale Ionospheric Outflow With a Satellite
Constellation}



\author[1]{Michael Liemohn}%
\author[1]{Daniel Welling}%
\author[1]{Jorg-Micha Jahn}%
\author[1]{Philip Valek}%
\author[1]{Heather Elliott}%
\author[1]{Raluca Ilie}%
\author[1]{George Khazanov}%
\author[1]{Alex Glocer}%
\author[1]{Natalia Ganushkina}%
\author[1]{Shasha Zou}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The question of how many satellites it would take to accurately map the
spatial distribution of ionospheric outflow is addressed in this study.
Given an outflow spatial map, this image is then reconstructed from a
limited number virtual satellite pass extractions from the original
values. An assessment is conducted of the goodness of fit as a function
of number of satellites in the reconstruction, placement of the
satellite trajectories relative to the polar cap and auroral oval,
season and universal time (i.e., dipole tilt relative to the Sun),
geomagnetic activity level, and interpolation technique. It is found
that the accuracy of the reconstructions increases sharply from one to a
few satellites, but then improves only marginally with additional
spacecraft beyond \textasciitilde{}4. Increased dwell time of the
satellite trajectories in the auroral zone improves the reconstruction,
therefore a high-but-not-exactly-polar orbit is most effective for this
task. Local time coverage is also an important factor, shifting the
auroral zone to different locations relative to the virtual satellite
orbit paths. The expansion and contraction of the polar cap and auroral
zone with geomagnetic activity influences the coverage of the key
outflow regions, with different optimal orbit configurations for each
level of activity. Finally, it is found that reconstructing each
magnetic latitude band individually produces a better fit to the
original image than 2-D image reconstruction method (e.g.,
triangulation). A high-latitude, high-altitude constellation mission
concept is presented that achieves acceptably accurate outflow
reconstructions.%
\end{abstract}%



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