Proteins are involved in numerous cellular activities such as transport and catalysis. Misfolding during biosynthesis and malfunctioning as a molecular machine may lead to physiological disorders and metabolic problems. Protein folding and mechanical work may be viewed as thermodynamic energetically favorable processes in which stochastic nonequilibrium intermediate states may be present with conditions such as thermal fluctuations. In my opinion, measuring those thermal fluctuations may be a way to access the energy exchange between the protein and the physiological environment and to better understand how those nonequilibrium states may influence the misfolding/folding process and the efficiency of the molecular engine cycle. Here, I discuss luminescence thermometry as a possible way to measure those temperature fluctuations from a single molecule experimental perspective with its current technical limitations and challenges.

CASP (Critical Assessment of Structure prediction) conducts community experiments to determine the state of the art in computing protein structure from amino acid sequence. The process relies on the experimental community providing information about not yet public or about to be solved structures, for use as targets. For some targets, the experimental structure is not solved in time for use in CASP. Calculated structure accuracy improved dramatically in this round, implying that models should now be much more useful for resolving many sorts of experimental difficulty. To test this, selected models for seven unsolved targets were provided to the experimental groups. These models were from the AlphaFold2 group, who overall submitted the most accurate predictions in CASP14. Four targets were solved with the aid of the models, and, additionally, the structure of an already solved target was improved. An a-posteriori analysis showed that in some cases models from other groups would also be effective. This paper provides accounts of the successful application of models to structure determination, including molecular replacement for X-ray crystallography, backbone tracing and sequence positioning in a Cryo-EM structure, and correction of local features. The results suggest that in future there will be greatly increased synergy between computational and experimental approaches to structure determination.

One of the most essential ecosystem services provided by high-Andean páramos is streamflow buffering. A combination of soil, vegetation and climate characteristics provides páramos with an exceptional ability to store, regulate and supply water, particularly in their natural state. However, páramo catchments are seldom pristine. Agriculture is one of the most widespread human activities in páramos and considerably affects their soil hydrophysical properties. This research assesses how soil properties are affected by the conversion from natural páramo vegetation to fallow, onion, or potato crops. We measured Soil Organic Matter (SOM), Bulk density (Bd), pH and electric conductivity (EC) at three depths (0–5, 10–15 and 20–25 cm), in a stratified random survey of different land uses in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Samples were collected in wet and dry seasons. Agricultural use affects all the studied properties, increasing Bd (+0.11 g cm-3), decreasing SOM (-5.5%), and increasing pH (+1.3) and EC (+187 µS cm-1). Seasonality did not have a significant effect on the studied properties under natural vegetation; however, there were significant differences between wet season and dry season in agricultural soils in SOM (-7.2% and +5.7% in fallow and potato crop, respectively) and Bd (-0.22 gr cm-3 in crops). These changes show that agriculture in páramo grasslands leads to a significant decrease in soil porosity and water-holding capacity, which affects adversely the ecosystem hydrological regulation capacity. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of Andean páramos and provide crucial information to improve soil management, a key aspect for ensuring the sustainable provision of hydrological ecosystem services offered by Andean and other mountain ecosystems.

The host pathogen interactome can be visualized as a vast continuous network in which molecular mimicry of host proteins by pathogens constitutes a strategy to hijack the host pathways. Despite extensive work in this field, there is no dedicated resource for mimicked domains and motifs in host pathogen interactome. In this work, we collated all the data regarding the experimental host pathogen (HP) and host-host (HH) protein-protein interactions (PPIs). The domains and sequence linear motifs of the proteins were annotated using CD Search and ScanProsite. Host and pathogen proteins with a shared host interactor and similar domain/motif constitute a linear pair. A linear pair that exhibits global structural domain similarity (Domain linear pair; DLP) or local sequence motif similarity (Motif Linear Pair; MLP) has a high probability of being co-expressed and co-localized. 2,06,449 DLPs and 38,45,643 MLPs were identified in 50,812 experimental HP-PPIs and organized in a web- based resource, ImitateDB, accessible at http://imitatedb.sblab-nsit.net. ImitateDB provides user-friendly access to the mimicry data. It can be queried by protein UniProt ID, pathogen, domain, motif, or interaction detection method. The results are externally integrated using hyperlinked domain PSSM ID, motif ID and protein ID. Kinase, UL36, Smc and DEXDc were frequent DLP domains whereas Protein Kinase C, Casein Kinase 2, glycosylation and myristoylation sites were frequent MLP motifs. Novel DLP domains SANT, Tudor, PhoX and MLP motifs Microbodies C-terminal targeting signal, Ubiquitin-interacting motif and Lipocalin signature were proposed. ImitateDB constitutes a resource for researchers in the field of infectious diseases and microbiology.

The filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae has the potential to be developed as an alternative platform organism for the heterologous production of industrially important enzymes. M. oryzae is easy to handle, fast-growing and unlike yeast, posttranslational modifications like N-glycosylations are similar to the human organism. Here, we established M. oryzae as a host for the expression of the unspecific peroxygenase from the basidiomycete Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO). UPOs are attractive biocatalysts for selective oxyfunctionalization of non-activated carbon-hydrogen bonds. To improve and simplify the isolation of AaeUPO in M. oryzae, we fused a Magnaporthe signal peptide for protein secretion and set it under control of the strong EF1-promotor. The success of the heterologous production of full-length AaeUPO in M. oryzae and the secretion of the functional enzyme was confirmed by a peroxygenase-specific enzyme assay. These results offer the possibility to establish the filamentous ascomycete M. oryzae as a broad applicable alternative expression system. This is in particular valid for proteins that cannot or not in sufficient yields produced in established systems.

Objectives: To assess the cohort of patients undergoing sialendoscopic intervention for improvement of symptoms and gland-related quality of life at long-term follow up. Design: retrospective review of medical records with a prospective follow-up by questionnaire. Methods: All patients undergoing sialendoscopy between March 2008 and June 2020 were analyzed in detail regarding indications, technical aspects and postoperative course. To maximize follow-up, patients also received a questionnaire by e-mail. Results: 272 sialendoscopies were performed in 221 patients. Median follow-up time was 37 months. The sialendoscopies were performed in 130 patients for lithiasis, in 66 for stenosis, in 14 for recurrent parotitis of childhood, in 8 for recurrent sialadenitis of unknown origin and in 3 for radio-iodine induced sialadenitis. Complications occurred in 11 of 272 sialendoscopies (4%). Those were iatrogenic perforations, temporary lingual nerve paresthesia and swelling of the floor of the mouth. 53% of patients returned the questionnaire, for a total of 146 evaluable sialendoscopies. The majority of the responders indicated that sialendoscopy had improved their symptoms (83.6%). Salivary glands could be preserved in 89% of the responder group. The highest percentage of patients reporting residual symptoms was found in the RPC group (81.3%) and the lowest in the lithiasis group (16.2%). Besides age, no statistical differences in demographic and pathological features between the responder and non-responder groups were found, supporting generalization of the responders’ results to the entire cohort. Conclusions: This study confirms the good long-term outcomes of sialendoscopic interventions in patients with chronic sialadenitis of different etiologies and a high rate of gland preservation.

Background: This systematic review has been undertaken in order to assess the effects of hypocaloric, high-protein diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors such as serum lipid levels in metabolically healthy obese adults. The primary outcomes measured include changes in pre- and post- diet mean BMI, LDL-C, HDL-C, TAG, and TC levels. Method: Four databases including: Embase, MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane and Web of Science were searched with no restrictions on language or publication period. Clinicaltrials.gov was also searched in order to identify unpublished or on-going studies. Results: Three of four studies included in this systematic review noted a significantly greater loss in pre- and post- diet mean BMI levels in the hypocaloric, high-protein diet group as compared to hypocaloric, non-high protein diets (control). Whilst pre- and post-diet mean LDL-C, HDL-C, TAG, and TC levels did not differ significantly among hypocaloric, high-protein and control diet groups. Conclusion: Hypocaloric, high-protein diets had an unclear effect on blood-lipid levels as compared to control. Weight loss however was significantly greater in the hypocaloric, high-protein group as compared to other hypocaloric, non-high-protein diet groups.

Protein-peptide and protein-protein interactions play an essential role in different functional and structural cellular organizational aspects. While X-ray crystallography generates the most complete structural characterization, most biological interactions exist in biomolecular complexes that are neither compliant nor responsive to direct experimental analysis. The development of computational docking approaches is therefore necessary. This starts from component protein structures to the prediction of their complexes, preferentially with precision close to complex structures generated by X-ray crystallography. To guarantee faithful chromosomal segregation, there must be a proper assembling of the kinetochore (a protein complex with multiple subunits) at the centromere during the process of cell division. As an important member of the inner kinetochore, defects in any of the subunits making up the CENP-HIKM complex leads to kinetochore dysfunction and an eventual chromosomal mis-segregation and cell death. Previous studies in an attempt to understand the assembly and mechanism devised by the CENP-HIKM in promoting functionality of the kinetochore, have reconstituted the protein complex from different organisms including fungi and yeast. Here, we present a detailed computational model of the physical interactions that exist between each component of the human CENP-HIKM, while validating each modeled structure using orthologs with existing crystal structures from the protein data bank. Results from this study substantiates the existing hypothesis that the human CENP-HIK complex share a similar architecture with its fungal and yeast orthologs, and likewise validates the binding mode of CENP-M to the C-terminus of the human CENP-I based on existing experimental reports.

Thromboembolic events have been reported in hospitalized patient since beginning of the covid 19 pandemic. This study reports an ICU admitted patient with lower extremity arterial thrombosis diagnosed with covid 19.

Aim: The objective of this study was to survey the species composition, relative abundance and to determine major threats of medium and large-sized mammals in Amoro Forest. Method: Linetransects surveying and indirect surveys method (including fresh tracks, scats, hair, spines and burrows) were used to survey mammalian diversity. A survey was conducted in the early morning from 6:00 to 10:00 and late afternoon from 16:00 to 19:00. Key interview and direct site observationswere carried out to assess the major threat of mammals in the study area. Results: A total of 12 species of medium and large sized mammals belonging to sex orders and eight families were recorded. Porcupine (Hystrix cristata), Vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) and Olive baboon (Papio anubis) were among the medium-sized mammals while, Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta),Leopard (Panthera pardus) and Common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) were among the large sized mammals observed in the study area. Shannon–Wiener Index values were low (H′ = 1.666) whereas, the Simpson’s index (1-D) of diversity showed the highest species diversity (0.761) in the study area. Illegal logging of trees; overgrazing, agricultural activities and human-wildlife conflicts were the foremost threats in the area. Conclusion: Species richness and evenness were varied from habitat to habitat in Amoro forest. Land degradation anddifferent anthropogenicactivities were common threats for the mammals in the study area. Community participation and awareness creation is very important to limit the impact of anthropogenic activities threatening wildlife. Key words: Anthropogenic activity, Conservation, Diversity, Mammalssurvey

Background: The administration of L-glutamine (Gln) suppresses allergic airway inflammation via the rapid upregulation of MAPK phosphatase (MKP)-1, which functions as a negative regulator of inflammation by deactivating p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). However, the role of endogenous Gln remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism by which endogenous Gln regulates MKP-1 induction and allergic airway inflammation in an ovalbumin-based murine asthma model. Methods: We depleted endogenous Gln levels using l-γ-glutamyl- p-nitroanilide (GPNA), an inhibitor of the Gln transporter ASCT2, and glutamine synthetase small interfering (si)RNA. Lentivirus expressing MKP-1 was injected to achieve overexpression of MKP-1. Asthmatic phenotypes were assessed using our previously developed ovalbumin-based murine model, which is suitable for examining sequential asthmatic events, including neutrophil infiltration. Gln levels were analyzed using a Gln assay kit. Results: GPNA or glutamine synthetase siRNA successfully depleted endogenous Gln levels. Importantly, homeostatic MKP-1 induction did not occur at all, which resulted in prolonged p38 MAPK and cytosolic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA 2) phosphorylation in Gln-deficient mice. Gln deficiency augmented all examined asthmatic reactions, but it exhibited a strong bias toward increasing the neutrophil count, which was not observed in MKP-1-overexpressing lungs. This neutrophilia was inhibited by a cPLA 2 inhibitor and a leukotriene B4 inhibitor, but not by dexamethasone. Conclusion: Gln deficiency leads to the impairment of MKP-1 induction and activation of p38 MAPK and cPLA 2, resulting in the augmentation of neutrophilic, more so than eosinophilic, airway inflammation.

Objective: To evaluate which risk factors for RhD immunization remain, despite adequate routine antenatal and postnatal RhIg prophylaxis (1000 IU RhIg) and additional administration of RhIg. Assessment of the prevalence of RhD immunizations. Design: Prospective cohort Setting: The Netherlands. Population: Two-year nationwide cohort. Methods: RhD-negative women in their first RhD immunized pregnancy and their foregoing non-immunized pregnancy. Risk factors for RhD immunization were compared with population data. Main outcomes measures: Risk factors for FMH and subsequently RhD immunization, prevalence of RhD immunizations. Results: The prevalence of newly detected RhD immunizations was 0.31% (79/25,170) of all RhD-negative pregnant women in the Netherlands. After exclusion, 193 women remained. Significant risk factors found in the group of 113 parous women (previous pregnancy >16 weeks, RhD positive child) were; caesarean section (CS) (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.6), perinatal death (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.1-10.9), gestational age over 42 weeks (OR 6.1, 95% CI 2.2-16.6), postnatal bleeding (>1000mL) (OR 2.0 95% CI 1.1-3.6), surgical removal of the placenta (SRP) (OR 4.3, 95% CI 2.0-9.3). The miscarriage rate in the group of women without a previous RhD positive child was significantly higher than in the Dutch population (35% vs 12.5% p<0.001). Conclusion: Complicated deliveries, including cases of major bleeding and surgical interventions (CS, SRP) need to be recognized as risk factor, requiring determination of FMH volume and adjustment of RhIg dosing. Miscarriage may be an additional risk factor for RhD immunization, requiring further studies. Funding: This research was partly funded by a grant from Sanquin Amsterdam.

An integrated metal-organic framework (MOF) and pressure/vacuum swing adsorption (P/VSA) process design framework is presented for gas separation. It consists of two steps: descriptor optimization and MOF matching. In the first step, MOFs are represented as a large set of chemical and geometric descriptors from which the most influential ones are selected and treated as design variables. The valid design space is confined using a tailored classifier model and logic constraints. Based on collected adsorption isotherms of 471 different MOFs, data-driven isotherm models are developed. Combining the design space, isotherms, and process models, an integrated MOF and P/VSA process design problem is formulated. MOF descriptors and process operating conditions are optimized to maximize the process performance. The obtained optimal descriptors and isotherms can be used to guide the discovery of high-performance MOFs in a subsequent MOF matching step. This article addresses the first descriptor optimization step exemplified by propene/propane separation.

The generalized pooling problem (GPP) is a NP-hard problem for which the solution time for securing a global optimal solution heavily depends on the strength of the problem formulation. The existing GPP formulations use either quality variables (P-formulation and the variants) or split-fraction variables (SF-formulation and the variants) to model the material balance at the pools. This paper is the first attempt to develop theoretical results for comparing the strength of P-formulation and SF-formulation. It is found that, an enhanced version of P-formulation, called P+-formulation, is at least as strong as SF-formulation under mild conditions. Furthermore, P+-formulation becomes identical to P-formulation when the pooling network comprises only mixers and splitters. With additional conditions that are often satisfied at the root node, P-formulation is proved to be as least as strong as SF-formulation. The theoretical results are verified by the computational study of 23 problem instances.

IntroductionThe Covid-19 global pandemic has made the world become increasingly conscious of infectious microorganisms, and their effect on public health.  Suddenly, everyone is conscious of the surfaces they touch or encounter, the crowds they get into, and much more. Numerous products, including protective coatings, offer different types of protection, and the standard scientific terms used in those products often look interchangeably similar. For instance, many people may feel that the terms antibacterial and antimicrobial represent the same thing. It is in this context that the use of terms such as antibacterial and antimicrobial, besides others, need to be clarified and placed in context. The use of these terms has typically been in reference to antibiotics and medicines; it has been less so with respect to products that prevent infections, using protective surfaces; with the exception being disinfectants and cleaning products. Even therein, the protection offered is often transient and requires regular use of these products. There have been some pioneering approaches in this regard wherein the development of anti-fouling chemistries for uses elsewhere was envisioned to be applicable on public surfaces\cite{2018}. It is only of late, especially with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, that thoughts and approaches are being focused on developing smart antimicrobial coatings\cite{coatingsa}. Keeping this in mind the following write-up revisits the basics of Microbiology and places them in context with products being marketed. Some bit of background information is also worth looking into the nature and classification of products offering protection against infectious microorganisms. What does antibacterial mean?In simple terms anything that acts against bacteria is antibacterial. Bacteria are a subset of the world of microorganisms (microbes, in short) that surround us. These include viruses, algae, fungi, protists, among others. Among these pathogenic bacteria cause infections and diseases when they enter the host, which could be a plant or animal. These bacteria, then multiply and manifest themselves as infections in the hosts they have entered into. Antibacterial agents are typically designed and used for protection against pathogenic and infectious bacteria (not the rest of the microbes). Antibacterial agents are designed to counter the growth of these bacteria. The mechanisms of the actions of these agents may differ BUT they act to counter the growth and spread of bacteria in a body or any surface\cite{Neu1996}.Classification Nature of actionAntibacterials can be either Bacteriostatic OR Bactericidal. The term bacteriostatic refers to medications whose mechanism of action stalls bacterial cellular activity without directly causing bacterial death\cite{Loree2021}. In other words, the former class of agents prevents the growth of bacteria or slows their growth substantially without actually killing them directly. In reality, the demarcation between the two categories is not so sharp and distinct i.e. one that exclusively kills bacteria and another that only inhibits growth\cite{Pankey2004}.  The in vitro microbiological determination is more detailed and elaborate. This classification can be broadly applied to other agents that antifungals, antiparasitic, etc. It is a different matter, though, if there are agents that are exclusive to any of the categories of microorganisms. SourceNaturally occurring - These are naturally occurring compounds found in either plants or animals. Penicillin is a popular antibiotic that was first found and isolated from the fungus Penicillium. After this Prize-winning discovery by the scientist Alexander Fleming\cite{Fleming2001} in 1929, the world of antibiotic therapy paved way for the discovery of more such naturally occurring compounds. Plant-based alkaloids are another vast reservoir of such compounds\cite{Kaefer2011}. The history and the evolution of Tetracyclines follow another such pattern\cite{Nelson2011}.Semi-Synthetic - These are derivatives of naturally occurring compounds. Again, Penicillin is a classic example that has spawned numerous derivatives and generations of its original nature, ever since its discovery\cite{derivatives}. Another example of such antibiotics are the Macrolide class of antibiotics that are bacteriostatic antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity against many gram-positive bacteria\cite{2002}. Development of resistance to them led to the search for the design of new semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotics\cite{Fernandes2017}.Synthetic - These are purely synthesized using in the labs and are often inspired by naturally occurring compounds that possess similar properties; the difference being knowledge of the pathways unique to microbes are taken into cognizance to make them unique in their mode of action. This approach is believed to offer a new path for the exploitation and improvement of natural products to address the growing crisis in antibiotic resistance\cite{Thaker2015}.Range of activityWhen it comes to action against bacterial growth, there are different layers of classification. Gram staining - the activity is gauged whether they are against Gram-positive AND/OR Gram-negative bacteria ( based on their Gram staining nature - a type of staining procedure to determine the nature of their cell walls). Spore-forming vs non-spore-forming - This is an important classification since certain pathogens form spores. As a result, their metabolism is different and requires different methods of arresting their growth. Aerobic vs anaerobic - Based on the nature of the bacteria to grow in an oxygen-rich and deprived environment.These are just some of the ways of classifying the range of action. Based on such layers of the classification, there are either Broad-spectrum OR Narrow-spectrum antibacterial agentsEach spectrum class has its strengths and weaknesses. Though the activity spectrum of such agents has always referred to antibiotics or medicinal compounds, protective coatings have not been often looked at from such an angle. Only a few coatings like INVESIL have been investigated as such \cite{ganesan2018}.

The immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are herein detailed to clarify the innate immunity protective effects in a large fraction of individuals exposed to the infection, and the drawbacks of the interference of the acquired immunity cytotoxic T cells and antibody-dependent natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity arms. Very precisely, the available vaccines based on full-length spike glycoprotein in a mRNA or DNA-based construct, or whole virus potently lead to generation of these immunologically damaging effectors, especially following exposure to the pathogen. Conversely, a vaccine exclusively based on spike glycoprotein subunit 1 in a protein form can protect against the life-threatening virus infection and never lead to adverse side effects.

Background. Fever in neutropenia (FN) remains an unavoidable, potentially lethal complication of chemotherapy. Timely administration of empirical broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics has become standard of care. But the impact of time to antibiotics (TTA), the lag period between recognition of fever or arrival at the hospital to start of antibiotics, remains unclear. Here we aimed to analyze the association between TTA and safety relevant events (SRE) in data from a prospective multicenter study. Procedure. We analyzed the association between time from recognition of fever to start of antibiotics (F-TTA) and SRE (death, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), severe sepsis and bacteremia) with three-level mixed logistic regression. We adjusted for possible triage bias using a propensity score and stratified the analysis by severity of disease at presentation. Results. We analyzed 266 FN episodes, including 53 (20%) with SRE, reported in 140 of 269 patients recruited from April 2016 to August 2018. F-TTA (median, 120min; interquartile range, 49 to 180min) was not associated with SRE, with a trend for less SREs in episodes with longer F-TTA. Analyses applying the propensity score suggested a relevant triage bias. Only in patients with severe disease at presentation there was a trend for an association of longer TTA with more SRE. Conclusion. We found little evidence that longer TTA leads to a higher risk of poor clinical outcome in pediatric patients with FN, except for those with severe disease at presentation. We saw strong evidence for triage bias which could only be partially adjusted.

Background Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) increase the mortality rate of patients with neutropenia who receive chemotherapy or have previously undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Micafungin is a broad-spectrum echinocandin, with minimal toxicity and low drug interactions. We therefore investigated the efficacy and safety of prophylactic micafungin in pediatric and adolescent patients who underwent autologous HSCT. Methods This was a phase II, prospective, single-center, open-label, and single-arm study. From November 2011 to February 2017, 125 patients were screened from Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Korea, and 112 were enrolled. Micafungin was administered intravenously at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day (maximum 50 mg/day) from day 8 of autologous HSCT until neutrophil engraftment. Treatment success was defined as the absence of proven, probable, or possible IFD up to 4 weeks after therapy. Results The study protocol was achieved without premature interruption in 110 patients (98.2%). The reasons interrupting micafungin treatment included early death (n=1) and patient refusal (n=1). Treatment success was achieved in 109 patients (99.1%). Only one patient was diagnosed with probable IFD. No patients were diagnosed with possible or proven IFD. In the full analysis set, 21 patients (18.8%) experienced 22 adverse events (AEs); however, all AEs were classified as “unlikely” related to micafungin. No patient experienced grade IV AEs nor discontinued treatment and none of the deaths were related to micafungin. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that micafungin is a safe and effective option for antifungal prophylaxis in pediatric patients who underwent autologous HSCT, with promising efficacy without significant AEs.

Bird nests are essential structures that directly determine the fitness of an organism. While there is theory and evidence predicting an association between species nest traits and their habitat, few studies have comprehensively examined the macroevolutionary patterns driving nest evolution, species niche and their interrelation. Using information on 3174 species of songbirds, we show that species that build domed nests (i.e. nests with a roof) have smaller ranges, narrower thermal niches, are less likely to colonise urban environments and have potentially higher extinction rates compared to species that build open nests. Moreover, we show that these macroevolutionary patterns could be driven by the higher energetic demands when building domed nests, which consumes more time and might restrict breeding opportunities. These diverse strands of evidence suggest that the transition from domed to open nests in passerines represents an important evolutionary innovation behind the success of the largest radiation of birds.

Conflicts arising from the consumption of anthropogenic foods by wildlife are increasing worldwide. Conventional tools for evaluating the spatial distribution pattern of large terrestrial mammals that consume anthropogenic foods have various limitations, despite their importance in management to mitigate conflicts. In this study, we examined the spatial distribution pattern of crop-foraging sika deer by performing nitrogen stable isotope analyses of bone collagen. We evaluated whether crop-foraging deer lived closer to agricultural crop fields during the winter and spring, when crop production decreases. We found that female deer in proximity to agricultural crop fields during the winter and spring were more likely to be crop-foraging individuals. Furthermore, the likelihood of crop consumption by females decreased by half as the distance to agricultural crop fields increased to 10 km and fell to essentially zero at a distance of approximately 40 km. We did not detect a significant trend in the spatial distribution of crop-foraging male deer. The findings of spatial distribution patterns of crop-foraging female deer will be useful for the establishment of management areas, such as zonation, for efficient removal of them.

Changes in land use and agricultural intensification threaten biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of small water bodies. We studied 67 kettle holes (KH) in an agricultural landscape in northeastern Germany using landscape-scale metatranscriptomics, to understand the responses of active communities across the three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and eukaryotes, to land use. These KH are proxies of the millions of small standing water bodies of glacial origin spread across the northern hemisphere. Like other landscapes in Europe, the study area has been used for intensive agriculture since the 1950s. In contrast to a parallel eDNA study which revealed the homogenization of biodiversity across KH conceivably resulting from long-lasting intensive agriculture, land-use type affected the structure of the active KH communities during spring crop fertilization, but not a month later. This effect was more pronounced in eukaryotes than in bacteria. In contrast, gene expression patterns did not differ between months or across land-use type, suggesting a high degree of functional redundancy across the KH communities. Variability in gene expression was best explained by active community structure, suggesting that these changes in functioning are primarily driven by interactions between organisms. Our results show that influences of the surrounding landscape result in temporary changes in the activity of different community members. Thus, even in KH where biodiversity has been homogenized, communities continue to respond to land management. This needs to be considered when developing sustainable management options for restoration purposes and for successful mitigation of further biodiversity loss in agricultural landscapes.

Software defect prediction is a process of constructing machine learning classifiers to predict defective code snippets, using historical information in software repositories such as code complexity and change records to design software defect metrics , In this research article we have tried to understand the relationships between various variables which are important for IT SME's ,The study is carried out with the help of a well structured questionnaire using IBM SPSS tool for data analysis and interpretation .

As many as 6% of reported cinnamon poisonings cause significant clinical effects, however descriptions of pulmonary toxicity have not yet been reported. Here, we present a pediatric patient’s hospital course following powdered cinnamon aspiration. The early presentation with hypercapnia and lower airways obstructions evolved to hypoxemic respiratory failure and severe pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring a 7-day course of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 16 ventilator-days, and 3 diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopies with 2 applications of surfactant therapy. The sum of these modalities contributed to this patient’s survival and subsequent return to respiratory baseline 6 months post-hospitalization.

Automatic video understanding is becoming more important for applications where real-time performance is crucial and compute is limited. Yet, accurate solutions so far have been computationally intensive. We propose efficient models for videos - Tiny Video Networks - which are video architectures, automatically designed to comply with fast runtimes and, at the same time are effective at video recognition tasks. The Tiny Video Networks run at faster-than-real-time speeds and demonstrate strong performance across several video benchmarks. These models not only provide new tools for real-time video applications, but also enable fast research and development in video understanding. Code and models are available.