Energy pathway Velocity Frequency Distance traveled per cycle
Terahertz-level tubulin resonance (Craddock et al. 2017) Possibly > c 613 THz 0.0049 m
Electrochemical pulses through axons (Siegel and Sapru 2005) 80-120 m/s Various Various
Theta waves in human whole brain (Zhang and Jacobs 2015) 1-5 m/s ~5 Hz ~0.6 m
Gamma waves in human whole brain (Bahramisharif et al. 2013) 0.7-2.1 m/s ~40 Hz 0.035 m
Beta waves in human whole brain (Takahashi et al. 2011) 0.23 m/s ~25 Hz 0.0092 m
Weak electric fields (“ephaptic coupling”) (Chiang et al. 2019) 0.1 m/s <1 Hz ~0.1 m
Gap junction sharp wave “ripples” in mouse brain (Maier et al. 2003) 0.016 m/s 200 Hz 0.00008 m